Dokdo-or-Takeshima?: Investigation of Japanese maps during Meiji period before the incorporation of Liancourt rocks

2.6.07

Investigation of Japanese maps during Meiji period before the incorporation of Liancourt rocks

I investigated the 17 Japan-made maps of Korea and its surronding area which were made during the Meiji era since the last year of Edo period (1867) until the incorporation of the island in 1905.
Only four of the 17 maps included Liancourt rocks, including the map made in 1867 by Katsu Kaishu, a magistrate of navy in the Edo period. The four maps were made by Japanese navy or its affiliates, which explains those maps with Liancourt rocks were made for safe voyage. Other maps with the name of Chosun such as "Whole Chosun Map" didn't include Liancourt rocks, except the map (15) 朝鮮全岸 ("all coasts of Chosun") which also included Tsushima, Japanese territory. It was made for Japanese ships to make a safe voyage, not to clarify the territorial border. As a whole, one can say that Japan or the Meiji government didn't recognise Liancourt rocks to be Korean territory even before the incorporation of the island.

To follow is the list of the 17 maps.

（１）大日本沿海略図 "Rough Map of Sea along the Coast of Great Japan" （Japan, Katsu Kaishu, 1867）：Takeshima（lined with broken line）（=Argonaut）, Matsushima（= Ulleungdo）, リエンコヲルトロック Rienkoworutorokku（=Laincourt rocks）

http://www.lib.meiji.ac.jp/ashida/display/each/09/09-024-01/09-024-1-0.001.059-l.jpg

（２）朝鮮全図"Whole Chosun Map" （Japan, Waterway department of navy, 1873）：　于山島 Usando - 蔚島Ulleungdo, (no Liancourt rocks)

http://www.occidentalism.org/?p=626

（３）朝鮮國細見全図 "Precise Map of Whole Chosun Country" （Japan, 丁子屋　1874）：欝陵島（日本ニテハ是ヲ竹島ト云） Ulleungdo ("They call this Takeshima in Japan"), 于山島 Usando,　(no Liancourt rocks)

http://www.occidentalism.org/?p=616

（４）亜細亜東部輿地図 "Map of East Asia" (Japan, Army staff bureau, 1875)：　Takeshima（=Argonaut）, Matsushima (= Ulleungdo), (no Liancourt rocks)

http://www.tanaka-kunitaka.net/takeshima/asiaeast-1875/map.html

（５）朝鮮全図 "Whole Chosun map"（Japan, Army staff bureau,　1875）：　Takeshima（lined with broken line）（= Argonaut), Matsushima（= Ulleungdo), (no Liancourt rocks)

http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka/takeshima/chosenzenzu-1875/06.jpg

（６）朝鮮東海岸図"Map of East Coast of Chosun" （Japan,Waterway department of navy 1876）：　"Arugonafuta" island（lined with broken line）(= Argonaut), Matsushima（= Ulleungdo), オリオツ礁とメ子ライ礁 Oriotsu-sho & Menerai-sho （= Liancourt rocks）

http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka23/korea_eastcoast-1876/2.jpg

（７）朝鮮国全図 "Whole Map of Chosun Country" （Japan, Geography bureau,1882）：　Matsushima（= Ulleungdo）,　（no Liancourt rocks）

http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka/takeshima/chosenkokuzenzugeo-1882/ullungdo.jpg

（８）銅版朝鮮国全図 "Copperplate Print Whole Map of Chosun Country"（Japan, Kimura, 1882）：Takeshima（Argonaut）, Matsushima（= Ulleungdo）, (no Liancourt rocks)

http://www.idokdo.or.kr/jpn/html/dataroom_text_map12.html

（９）日本本州九州及四国附朝鮮 "Japan Mainland Kyushu Shikoku with Chosun"（Japan, Navy　1891）：Ulleungdo (Matsushima) ,リアンコールト岩 Riankoruto Iwa（=Liancourt rocks）

http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka38/honshukyushukorea-1891/takeshima.jpg

（１０）明治二十七年六月朝鮮全図 "27th Year of Meiji, June, Whole Chosun Map"（Japan, Genzaburo Shibata,　1894）： Ulleungdo, Usando, （no Liancourt rocks）

http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka/takeshima/m27-chosenzenzu/index1.html

（１１）新選朝鮮国全図 "Newly Made Whole Map of Chosun Country"（Japan, 1894）：Takeshima（= Argonaut）、Matsushima（=Ulleungdo）,　（no Liancourt rocks）

http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka/takeshima/senshin-1894/index1.html

（１２）朝鮮輿地図"Map of Chosun" （Japan, Jotaro Shimizu, 1894）：　Takeshima (= Argonaut）、Matsushima （= Ulleungdo), (no Liancourt rocks)

http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka24/chosenyochizu-1894/5.jpg

（１３）新撰朝鮮地理誌 "Newly Made Geographical Book of Chosun" （Japan, Saijiro Ohta, 1894）：Takeshima (lined with broken line)（=Argonaut）, Matsushima （= Ulleungdo）, (no Liancourt rocks)

http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka/takeshima/chosenchirishi-1894/07ullungdo.jpg

（１４）朝鮮全図 "Whole Chosun Map" （Japan, Tokyo Earth Science Association, 1894）：Ulleungdo (Matsushima), （no Liancourt rocks）

http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka/takeshima/tokyo-1894/index1.html

（１５）朝鮮全岸 "All Coasts of Chosun" （Japan, Waterway department of navy, 1896）：　Ulleungdo (Matsushima) , リアンコールド岩Riankorudo Iwa （= Liancourt rocks）
http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka31/koreacoast-1896/07.jpg

（１６）亜細亜東部輿地図 "Map of East Part of Asia"（Japan, Rikitaro Kawai, 1898）：　Matsushima (Ulleung) （= Argonaut?)、Takeshima (=Ulleungdo?),　（no Liancourt rocks）

http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka13/asiaeast-1898/03.jpg

（１７）朝鮮全図 "Whole Chosun Map" （Japan, Bunjiro Koto, 1903）：　ULLEUNG-DO (MATSU-SHIMA), (no Liancourt rocks)
http://www.geocities.jp/tanaka_kunitaka6/koto-bunjiro/3.jpg

3 comments:

Anonymous6/6/07 22:43
Gerry, the Japanese did not call Dokdo, Liancourt Rocks as a rule in the 19th Century. The islands continued to be called by both Liancourt Rocks and Matsushima by some long after some of Europeans called the islands as such.

This page from the 1870 document show this to be true.

http://www.dokdo-takeshima.com/dokdo1870doc.html
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pacifist6/6/07 23:30
anonymous,

You seem to have been deceived by toadface's malicious technique.
The document in 1870 said that Takeshima-Matsushima are not related to Japan.
But the "Matsushima" in the document is not always Liancourt rocks. But toadface or the manager of the site intentionally place the map from 1833 (by Nagakubo Sekisui) just under the document to deceive people. In the Edo period like the map by nagakubo Sekisui, Matsushima was Liancourt rocks.

As you may notice that in those days the new Meiji government was in turmoil concerning the names of Takeshima & Matsushima. We will argue about this matter maybe in the near future in this site, but you can understand the turmoil if you look carefully at the maps we uploaded here. Argonaut became Takeshima, so the name of Matsuhsima went to Ulleungdo...

Anyway, Meiji government decided to investigate the area around Ulleungdo and investigated the area with the warship Amagi in 1880 and found the truth.

The map you indicated was the map in 1833 by Nagakubo Sekisui. Please take a look at the map section.
http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2007/05/japanese-document-and-map-links.html

These maps from Edo period, before westernaization, is not accurate but remember that Japanese already knew the islands Takeshima (Ulleungdo) and Matsushima (Liancourt rocks), while Korean maps didn't depict the island.
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sloww13/12/12 12:00
It’s Pacifist who is trying to deceive the readers with western mapping error which has nothing to do with the Japanese document of 1870.

"Matsushima" in the Japanese documents is not always Liancourt rocks, but "Matsushima" in the Japanese document of 1870 is definitely Liancourt rocks(Dokdo).

The 1870 document “How Takeshima and Matsushima became part of Chosun(Korea)…(竹島松島朝鮮附屬)” wrote as follows:

“…Matsushima is a neighboring island of Takeshima and we have no previous records of Matsushima....”

If Matsushima is not Dokdo, what else is Takeshima(Ulleongdo)’s neighboring island? Is it non-existent Argonaut? Absolutely not.

Pacifist admitted Matsushima was Liancourt Rocks(Dokdo) in the Edo period which ended in 1867. This document was written in 1870, 3 years later. In three years, Matsushima suddenly became Ulleongdo? No.

The western mapping error which the pro-Japanese people like to cite to cover the truth didn’t influcence the 1870 document. The Meiji Government didn’t officially call Ulleongdo Matsushima until Amagi’s survey in 1880. Even after Amagi’s survey, Japanese traditional name “Matsushima” for Dokdo amd “Takeshima” for Ulleongdo lasted until 1905.

Details on the 1870 document “How Takeshima and Matsushima became part of Chosun(Korea)” is here.

As for the map of 1833 by Nagakubo Sekisui, it’s clear evidence Japanese already knew the islands Takeshima (Ulleungdo) and Matsushima (Dokdo) and at the same time it’s clear evidence Japanese perceived Matsushima (Dokdo) as Korean land.

Nagakubo Sekisui’s map of 1833

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NE Shore of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도)

This satellite photo shows Ulleungdo's neighboring islands of Gwaneumdo (觀音島) and Jukdo (竹島) off Ulleungdo's east shore. Gwaneumdo is only about 100 meters offshore and looks more like a cape than an island. Jukdo is about 2 km offshore. The old Korean name for Jukdo was "Usando" (于山島), as many of Korea's old maps show. Koreans claim that Usando was Korea's old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but they have no documents or maps to prove it. Also, Liancourt Rocks is about ninety-two kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo and are essentially two islands, but all of Korea's old maps show it as one island just off shore of Ulleungdo.

"Cheonggudo" (靑邱圖) Atlas (1860 - 1872)

This Korean map of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) showed it with a small island off its eastern shore labeled as "Usan" (于山). Hash marks at the bottom of the map showed that Usan was less than 4 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. That would mean that it would be Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, which is about 2.2 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but Dokdo is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo and is essentially two islands, not one. The map is stored in the National Library of Korea.

"Cheonggudo" (靑邱圖) Atlas (1834)

This Korean map of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) showed Usan (于山 - 우산) as a neighboring island just off Ulleungdo's east shore. The hash marks at the bottom of the map showed the island to be about 4 km offshore. Usando was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, which is about 2.2 km of Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old Korean name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), which is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo, but this map and many others prove that claim false. The map is stored in Seoul National University's Kyujanggak Center for Korean Studies.

"Dong Yeodo" (東輿圖) Atlas (1795 - 1800)

This map showed Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) with a neighboring island labeled as "Usan" (于山 - 우산). Usando (于山島) was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about 2.2 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), which is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo, but this map and many others prove that claim wrong. The map is stored in Japan's "University of Tsukuba Library" (筑波大学附属図書館).

"Joseon-do" (朝鮮圖) - 1800 - 1822

This map of Ullelungdo (鬱陵島) is from the Korean atlas "Joseon-do" (朝鮮圖), which is believed to have been made sometime between 1800 and 1822. Ulleungdo is shown with a neighboring island labeled as Usan (于山). Koreans claim that Usando (于山島) was the old Korean name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map and many others show that it was Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島), which is Ulleungdo's largest neighboring island and only two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. The map is stored in the Osaka Nakanoshima Library (中之島圖書館).

"Gwandong Bangyeo" (關東方輿) - late 1800s?)

This map of Ulleungdo comes from an atlas entitled "Gwandong Bangyeo" (關東方輿), which was probably made in the late 1800s since the map is very similarly to another map of Ulleungdo that was made between 1884 and 1894. The mapmaker used gridlines to help show relative size and distance. The map shows Ulleungdo with a small island off its east shore labeled as "Usan" (于山), which was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도). Jukdo is Ulleungdo's largest neighoring island and is about two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old Korean name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but they have no maps or documents to prove it. The map is stored in the Korean National Library.

"Joseon Jido" (朝鮮地圖) Atlas (1750 - 1768)

This Korean map of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) showed "Usan" (于山 - 우산) as a neighboring island. The grid lines on the map helped show the small island's relative distance from Ulleungdo. Usando (于山島 - 우산도) was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about 2.2 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. Korean's claim that Usando was the old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but this map and many others prove that claim false.

Inspector's Map of Ulleungdo (1711)

The map is an inspector's map that showed Ulleungdo with an island off its east shore labeled as "the so-called Usando" (所謂于山島). The small island was also labeled as having "fields of haejang bamboo" (海長竹田). Koreans claim that Usando was Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map shows that it could not have been Dokdo since Dokdo is just rocks without the soil to grow haejang bamboo. Also, Usando was shown as a neighboring island of Ulleungdo, but Dokdo is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo. Stored in Seoul Nat'l University's Kyujanggak Institute of Korean Studies.

"Haejwa Jeondo" (海左全圖) - mid 1800s

This old Korean map showed Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) with a small neighboring island just off its east shore labeled as "Usan" (于山 - 우산). Koreans claim that Usando (于山島 - 우산도) was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map is evidence against the Korean claim. Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands 92 kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo, but the Usan on this map is just off Ulleungdo's east shore and is only one island. In fact, Usando was the old name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is only two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore.

Carte de la Coree (1846)

This map was made iin 1846 by Kim Dae-geon (金大建), who was Korea's first Catholic priest. He made this map for the benefit of the French priest he works with. He was killed by the Joseon government the same year this map was made. The map shows Ulleungdo labeled in French as "Oulangto" and its neighboring island of Usando labeled as "Ousan." Koreans claim that Usando (于山島 - 우산도) was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rock), but this map shows Usando as one island just of the east shore of Ulleungdo. That tells us that Usando was almost certainly Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is only 2 kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. Also, this island could not have been Liancourt Rocks since Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands not one. The original of this map is stored in the National Library of France.

Joseon Jeondo (朝鮮全圖) from the "Gakdo Jido" (各道地圖) Atlas (latter 18th c.)

This old Korean map showed an island labeled as "Usando" (于山島 - 우산도) just off the east shore of Ulleundo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도). Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map is more evidence against that claim. Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands ninety-two kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo, but this map shows Usando as one island just off Ulleungdo's east shore. Usando was, in fact, the old name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. This map is stored in Korea's Yeongnam University Museum.

"Joseon Jido" (朝鮮地圖) Atlas (1898)

"Donggyeong San Cheon - Paldo Jido (東京山川八道地圖) Atlas (date unknown)

"Jeongukdo" (全國圖) from the "Dongguk Daecheondo" (東國大全圖) - 1740

This old Korean map shows Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) with a small neighboring island just off its east shore labeled as "Usando" (于山島 - 우산도). Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for Dokdo, but this map is evidence against that claim. Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands ninety-two kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo, but the Usando on this map is one island just off the east shore of Ulleungdo. Usando was, in fact, the old name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. This map is stored in the Korean National Museum.

竹島問題の歴史

2.6.07

Investigation of Japanese maps during Meiji period before the incorporation of Liancourt rocks

3 comments: