Dokdo-or-Takeshima?: Chungwanji (春官志): "Ulleungdo is called Sambongdo (三峯島)"

5.2.08

Chungwanji (春官志): "Ulleungdo is called Sambongdo (三峯島)"

In 1744, King Yeongjo (英祖) commanded Lee Maeng-hyu (李孟休) to compile a book of rites, customs, and legal precedents. The result was a 3-volume set of books called the "Chungwanji" (春官志).

The third volume of the set included exchanges between Korea's emissaries to Japan and their Japanese counterparts. Among the exchanges in the book was one entitled "The Ulleungdo Boundary Dispute" (鬱陵島爭界), which was a 14-page description of Ulleungdo and the territorial dispute over the island between Korea and Japan following the An Yong-bok (安龍福) incident in the 1690s.

I hope to translate into English all fourteen pages of "The Ulleungdo Boundary Dispute" in the near future, but now I just want to introduce a short discription of Ulleungdo from the book that I found interesting because it clearly says that another name for Ulleungdo was "Sambongdo" (三峯島), which means "Island of Three Peaks." That is interesting because Korea has claimed that Sambongdo was an old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but she has no documents or maps to back up that claim. On the other hand, the three high peaks of Ulleungdo were frequently mentioned in old documents.

Here is the quote for the "Chungwanji" (春官志):

盖是島以其産竹也故謂竹島以有三峯也故謂三峯島至於于山羽陵蔚陵武陵礒竹皆音轉訛而然也
대개 이 섬은 대가 나는 까닭에 죽도(竹島)라 이르고 세 봉우리가 있기 때문에 삼봉도(三峰島)라 하며, 우산(于山)이니, 우릉(羽陵)이니 울릉(蔚陵)이니 무릉(武陵)이니 의죽(礒竹)이니 하는 것은 모두가 발음이 잘못 전해져 그런 것이다.
In general, this island is called Jukdo (竹島) because bamboo (竹) grows on it. It is called Sambongdo (三峰島) because it has "three peaks" (三峰). Usan (于山), Uleung (羽陵), Ulleung (蔚陵), Muleung (武陵), and Wuijuk (礒竹) are all mispronunciations.

The above quote also appeared in the late 19th century Korean text, "Dongjeongo" (東典考), which you can see below:

以産竹故謂竹島有三峯故謂三峰島于山羽陵蔚陵武陵蟻竹皆音訛而然也[春官誌]

6 comments:

Kaneganese13/2/08 01:03
Gerry,

Where can I get the third volume of 春官誌? I checked kyujangkak site, but there are only two of them. I'm looking for the part "
倭、今に至るまで、復た鬱陵を指して日本の地と為さず。皆龍福の功なり (Japanese until today do not claim Ulleungdo as Japanese territory.The credit should go to Ahn)" in the original document. If you could find the part, could you please post the page and the lines in Chinese?

Thank you, as always.
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Gerry Bevers13/2/08 11:38
Hi Kaneganese,

The line you are referring to is in the last line of the section entitled, 鬱陵島爭界, which, as you said, is in the third volume of the text. I do not have a transcription of the whole Chinese text, but the following seems to be the way Koreans are transcribing the quote you mentioned:

倭至今不復指鬱陵爲日本地皆龍福之功也.

Even today, the Japanese cannot say Ulleungdo is Japanese land, and it is all thanks to Yong-bok.

Click the link HERE to see the page the quote came from.

I will try to translate the relevant fourteen pages of that document this week, and will post the translation with copies of the pages from the text.
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Kaneganese13/2/08 14:08
Thank you, Gerry.

This part of Ulleundo of 「春官志」 referred the book 「星湖僿說鬱陵島條」by his father 李瀷(1681-1763), right?
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Anonymous13/2/08 22:51
Kaneganese, if you are trying to use this quote as a shabby attempt to slyly interpret this to Chosun thought Japan had a claim to Takeshima ealier you are dead wrong.

This quote simply shows how Anyongbok was instrumental into getting the Japanese as a nation to stop trespassing in the region. There was correspondence by Chosun telling Japan that Ulleungdo was Chosun territory after the first Anyongbok incident.

Even in the early 15th Centry Chosun told the lord of Tsushima to stay off of Ulleungdo. (Mulleung)

You can read it here.

Tsushima 1407 Document"
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Gerry Bevers13/2/08 23:08
Kaneganese,

I did not see the 星湖僿說鬱陵島條 mentioned in the 春官志.

By the way, I finished checking that one translation you asked for. It was written better than I first thought.

Good night.
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Kaneganese13/2/08 23:14
Thank you, Gerry !
I really appreciate that.

And I'm looking forward to reading the rest of pages translated.

Good night.
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NE Shore of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도)

This satellite photo shows Ulleungdo's neighboring islands of Gwaneumdo (觀音島) and Jukdo (竹島) off Ulleungdo's east shore. Gwaneumdo is only about 100 meters offshore and looks more like a cape than an island. Jukdo is about 2 km offshore. The old Korean name for Jukdo was "Usando" (于山島), as many of Korea's old maps show. Koreans claim that Usando was Korea's old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but they have no documents or maps to prove it. Also, Liancourt Rocks is about ninety-two kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo and are essentially two islands, but all of Korea's old maps show it as one island just off shore of Ulleungdo.

"Cheonggudo" (靑邱圖) Atlas (1860 - 1872)

This Korean map of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) showed it with a small island off its eastern shore labeled as "Usan" (于山). Hash marks at the bottom of the map showed that Usan was less than 4 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. That would mean that it would be Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, which is about 2.2 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but Dokdo is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo and is essentially two islands, not one. The map is stored in the National Library of Korea.

"Cheonggudo" (靑邱圖) Atlas (1834)

This Korean map of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) showed Usan (于山 - 우산) as a neighboring island just off Ulleungdo's east shore. The hash marks at the bottom of the map showed the island to be about 4 km offshore. Usando was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, which is about 2.2 km of Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old Korean name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), which is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo, but this map and many others prove that claim false. The map is stored in Seoul National University's Kyujanggak Center for Korean Studies.

"Dong Yeodo" (東輿圖) Atlas (1795 - 1800)

This map showed Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) with a neighboring island labeled as "Usan" (于山 - 우산). Usando (于山島) was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about 2.2 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), which is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo, but this map and many others prove that claim wrong. The map is stored in Japan's "University of Tsukuba Library" (筑波大学附属図書館).

"Joseon-do" (朝鮮圖) - 1800 - 1822

This map of Ullelungdo (鬱陵島) is from the Korean atlas "Joseon-do" (朝鮮圖), which is believed to have been made sometime between 1800 and 1822. Ulleungdo is shown with a neighboring island labeled as Usan (于山). Koreans claim that Usando (于山島) was the old Korean name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map and many others show that it was Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島), which is Ulleungdo's largest neighboring island and only two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. The map is stored in the Osaka Nakanoshima Library (中之島圖書館).

"Gwandong Bangyeo" (關東方輿) - late 1800s?)

This map of Ulleungdo comes from an atlas entitled "Gwandong Bangyeo" (關東方輿), which was probably made in the late 1800s since the map is very similarly to another map of Ulleungdo that was made between 1884 and 1894. The mapmaker used gridlines to help show relative size and distance. The map shows Ulleungdo with a small island off its east shore labeled as "Usan" (于山), which was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도). Jukdo is Ulleungdo's largest neighoring island and is about two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old Korean name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but they have no maps or documents to prove it. The map is stored in the Korean National Library.

"Joseon Jido" (朝鮮地圖) Atlas (1750 - 1768)

This Korean map of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) showed "Usan" (于山 - 우산) as a neighboring island. The grid lines on the map helped show the small island's relative distance from Ulleungdo. Usando (于山島 - 우산도) was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about 2.2 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. Korean's claim that Usando was the old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but this map and many others prove that claim false.

Inspector's Map of Ulleungdo (1711)

The map is an inspector's map that showed Ulleungdo with an island off its east shore labeled as "the so-called Usando" (所謂于山島). The small island was also labeled as having "fields of haejang bamboo" (海長竹田). Koreans claim that Usando was Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map shows that it could not have been Dokdo since Dokdo is just rocks without the soil to grow haejang bamboo. Also, Usando was shown as a neighboring island of Ulleungdo, but Dokdo is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo. Stored in Seoul Nat'l University's Kyujanggak Institute of Korean Studies.

"Haejwa Jeondo" (海左全圖) - mid 1800s

This old Korean map showed Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) with a small neighboring island just off its east shore labeled as "Usan" (于山 - 우산). Koreans claim that Usando (于山島 - 우산도) was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map is evidence against the Korean claim. Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands 92 kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo, but the Usan on this map is just off Ulleungdo's east shore and is only one island. In fact, Usando was the old name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is only two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore.

Carte de la Coree (1846)

This map was made iin 1846 by Kim Dae-geon (金大建), who was Korea's first Catholic priest. He made this map for the benefit of the French priest he works with. He was killed by the Joseon government the same year this map was made. The map shows Ulleungdo labeled in French as "Oulangto" and its neighboring island of Usando labeled as "Ousan." Koreans claim that Usando (于山島 - 우산도) was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rock), but this map shows Usando as one island just of the east shore of Ulleungdo. That tells us that Usando was almost certainly Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is only 2 kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. Also, this island could not have been Liancourt Rocks since Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands not one. The original of this map is stored in the National Library of France.

Joseon Jeondo (朝鮮全圖) from the "Gakdo Jido" (各道地圖) Atlas (latter 18th c.)

This old Korean map showed an island labeled as "Usando" (于山島 - 우산도) just off the east shore of Ulleundo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도). Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map is more evidence against that claim. Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands ninety-two kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo, but this map shows Usando as one island just off Ulleungdo's east shore. Usando was, in fact, the old name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. This map is stored in Korea's Yeongnam University Museum.

"Joseon Jido" (朝鮮地圖) Atlas (1898)

"Donggyeong San Cheon - Paldo Jido (東京山川八道地圖) Atlas (date unknown)

"Jeongukdo" (全國圖) from the "Dongguk Daecheondo" (東國大全圖) - 1740

This old Korean map shows Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) with a small neighboring island just off its east shore labeled as "Usando" (于山島 - 우산도). Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for Dokdo, but this map is evidence against that claim. Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands ninety-two kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo, but the Usando on this map is one island just off the east shore of Ulleungdo. Usando was, in fact, the old name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. This map is stored in the Korean National Museum.

竹島問題の歴史

5.2.08

Chungwanji (春官志): "Ulleungdo is called Sambongdo (三峯島)"

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