Dokdo-or-Takeshima?: 1855 - Colton's "Japan"

31.5.08

1855 - Colton's "Japan"

Below is a map of Japan published by Joseph Hutchin Colton of New York in 1855. An explanation at the bottom of the map says that it was "compiled from the maps of Siebold with additions from the surveys and reconnaisances of the U.S., Japan Ex." The map is stored in the US Library of Congess.

Since Colton's map of Japan was compiled from the maps of Siebold, it included Siebold's non-existent island of "Argonante," which was also labeled on this map as "Taka sima." (The non-existent island of "Argonante" was the result of a mismapping of Ulleungdo by the British ship Argonaut in 1789.) The map also shows Korea's real Ulleungdo labeled as both "Matsu sima" and "Dagelet Island."

At the time, the Japanese believed Takeshima (竹島) to be the Korean island of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島) and Matsushima (松島) to be a Japanese Island (Liancourt Rocks); however, the mismapping of the islands on Western maps, such as this one, caused confusion for Japanese mapmakers (See 1875 Map , 1882 Map, & 1894 Map) and government officials. Finally, the Japanese government sent the Japanese warship Amagi to the area in 1880 to conduct a survey and clear up the confusion (1880 survey). The Amagi reported that Matsushima (松島) was actually the Korean island of Ulleungdo, which also had a neighboring island named "Takeshima" (竹嶼), which is pronounced as "Jukseo" or "Jukdo" in Korean. (1880 Survey Map)

As a result of the 1880 survey, Japan changed the Japanese name for the Korean island of Ulleungdo from "Takeshima" (竹島) to "Matsushima" (松島), and the name of Japan's old Matsushima (Liancourt Rocks) to "Liancourt Rocks." When Japan incorporated Liancourt Rocks in 1905, they renamed it "Takeshima" (竹島), which was the old Japanese name for Korea's Ulleungdo.

1 comment:

GTOMR1/6/08 13:55
As far as I know, there are no detail explanation of Sebold's mismapping.

These days I thought why Philip Van Sebold mismapping Takeshima-Argonaut and Matsushima-Dagelet.
(see. Japan by Sebold,1840). I thought he may saw 三国通覧図説 by 林子平 and 赤水圖？
三国通覧圖説　
 改正日本輿地路程全図 with Sebold's stanp on Raiden museum.

First of all, He had a map based on the information of Hayashi Shihei's 朝鮮八道総圖 with one Ulluengdo=Usanguk=Isotake island in His colelction.
朝鮮八道総圖 in Sebold collection.

I guess it is because he have 朝鮮八道総圖 and other Ru-chu琉球 map and Sakharin樺太 map on his "Japan" volume 20 that he may saw 林子平's another map of 三国通覧圖説.which has two ulluengdo. one might be copied from 八道総圖 and the other seems to be Japanese Ulluengdo detail map like this
or other Korean map of Ulluengdo with Jukdo like this.
三国通覧圖説
 "Japan"volume 20.Sebold

Second, he has also Japanse map 日本辺界略図 with Takeshima and Matsushima.
日本辺界略図 in Sebold collection.

Original version of 日本辺界略図 on 1809 has no "Takeshima" and "Matsushima". but Sebold other added those because Sebold's 日本辺界略図 draw it.
it is appear that he bring 改正日本輿地路程全図 which draw Takeshima and Matsushima.
Even though Im not sure whether he saw 三国通覧図説 or not, so he might consider "Takeshima竹嶋"(actually Ulluengdo) on the 三国通覧図説 is "Matsushima" on the 改正日本輿地路程全図.

Then he saw European map which draws Argonaut and Dagelet on European Maps. So he may consider Argonaut is Ulleungdo-Usanguk-Isotake and "Matsushima" is Takeshima-Ulleungdo(actually real Ulleungdo) of 林子平 map(actually real Ulleungdo)
(Above is just my hypothesis) and those map confision occures I guess.
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NE Shore of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도)

This satellite photo shows Ulleungdo's neighboring islands of Gwaneumdo (觀音島) and Jukdo (竹島) off Ulleungdo's east shore. Gwaneumdo is only about 100 meters offshore and looks more like a cape than an island. Jukdo is about 2 km offshore. The old Korean name for Jukdo was "Usando" (于山島), as many of Korea's old maps show. Koreans claim that Usando was Korea's old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but they have no documents or maps to prove it. Also, Liancourt Rocks is about ninety-two kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo and are essentially two islands, but all of Korea's old maps show it as one island just off shore of Ulleungdo.

"Cheonggudo" (靑邱圖) Atlas (1860 - 1872)

This Korean map of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) showed it with a small island off its eastern shore labeled as "Usan" (于山). Hash marks at the bottom of the map showed that Usan was less than 4 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. That would mean that it would be Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, which is about 2.2 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but Dokdo is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo and is essentially two islands, not one. The map is stored in the National Library of Korea.

"Cheonggudo" (靑邱圖) Atlas (1834)

This Korean map of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) showed Usan (于山 - 우산) as a neighboring island just off Ulleungdo's east shore. The hash marks at the bottom of the map showed the island to be about 4 km offshore. Usando was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, which is about 2.2 km of Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old Korean name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), which is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo, but this map and many others prove that claim false. The map is stored in Seoul National University's Kyujanggak Center for Korean Studies.

"Dong Yeodo" (東輿圖) Atlas (1795 - 1800)

This map showed Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) with a neighboring island labeled as "Usan" (于山 - 우산). Usando (于山島) was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about 2.2 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), which is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo, but this map and many others prove that claim wrong. The map is stored in Japan's "University of Tsukuba Library" (筑波大学附属図書館).

"Joseon-do" (朝鮮圖) - 1800 - 1822

This map of Ullelungdo (鬱陵島) is from the Korean atlas "Joseon-do" (朝鮮圖), which is believed to have been made sometime between 1800 and 1822. Ulleungdo is shown with a neighboring island labeled as Usan (于山). Koreans claim that Usando (于山島) was the old Korean name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map and many others show that it was Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島), which is Ulleungdo's largest neighboring island and only two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. The map is stored in the Osaka Nakanoshima Library (中之島圖書館).

"Gwandong Bangyeo" (關東方輿) - late 1800s?)

This map of Ulleungdo comes from an atlas entitled "Gwandong Bangyeo" (關東方輿), which was probably made in the late 1800s since the map is very similarly to another map of Ulleungdo that was made between 1884 and 1894. The mapmaker used gridlines to help show relative size and distance. The map shows Ulleungdo with a small island off its east shore labeled as "Usan" (于山), which was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도). Jukdo is Ulleungdo's largest neighoring island and is about two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. Koreans claim that Usando was the old Korean name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but they have no maps or documents to prove it. The map is stored in the Korean National Library.

"Joseon Jido" (朝鮮地圖) Atlas (1750 - 1768)

This Korean map of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) showed "Usan" (于山 - 우산) as a neighboring island. The grid lines on the map helped show the small island's relative distance from Ulleungdo. Usando (于山島 - 우산도) was the old Korean name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about 2.2 km off Ulleungdo's east shore. Korean's claim that Usando was the old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but this map and many others prove that claim false.

Inspector's Map of Ulleungdo (1711)

The map is an inspector's map that showed Ulleungdo with an island off its east shore labeled as "the so-called Usando" (所謂于山島). The small island was also labeled as having "fields of haejang bamboo" (海長竹田). Koreans claim that Usando was Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map shows that it could not have been Dokdo since Dokdo is just rocks without the soil to grow haejang bamboo. Also, Usando was shown as a neighboring island of Ulleungdo, but Dokdo is 92 km southeast of Ulleungdo. Stored in Seoul Nat'l University's Kyujanggak Institute of Korean Studies.

"Haejwa Jeondo" (海左全圖) - mid 1800s

This old Korean map showed Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) with a small neighboring island just off its east shore labeled as "Usan" (于山 - 우산). Koreans claim that Usando (于山島 - 우산도) was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map is evidence against the Korean claim. Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands 92 kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo, but the Usan on this map is just off Ulleungdo's east shore and is only one island. In fact, Usando was the old name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is only two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore.

Carte de la Coree (1846)

This map was made iin 1846 by Kim Dae-geon (金大建), who was Korea's first Catholic priest. He made this map for the benefit of the French priest he works with. He was killed by the Joseon government the same year this map was made. The map shows Ulleungdo labeled in French as "Oulangto" and its neighboring island of Usando labeled as "Ousan." Koreans claim that Usando (于山島 - 우산도) was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rock), but this map shows Usando as one island just of the east shore of Ulleungdo. That tells us that Usando was almost certainly Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is only 2 kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. Also, this island could not have been Liancourt Rocks since Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands not one. The original of this map is stored in the National Library of France.

Joseon Jeondo (朝鮮全圖) from the "Gakdo Jido" (各道地圖) Atlas (latter 18th c.)

This old Korean map showed an island labeled as "Usando" (于山島 - 우산도) just off the east shore of Ulleundo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도). Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for Dokdo (Liancourt Rocks), but this map is more evidence against that claim. Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands ninety-two kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo, but this map shows Usando as one island just off Ulleungdo's east shore. Usando was, in fact, the old name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. This map is stored in Korea's Yeongnam University Museum.

"Joseon Jido" (朝鮮地圖) Atlas (1898)

"Donggyeong San Cheon - Paldo Jido (東京山川八道地圖) Atlas (date unknown)

"Jeongukdo" (全國圖) from the "Dongguk Daecheondo" (東國大全圖) - 1740

This old Korean map shows Ulleungdo (鬱陵島 - 울릉도) with a small neighboring island just off its east shore labeled as "Usando" (于山島 - 우산도). Koreans claim that Usando was the old name for Dokdo, but this map is evidence against that claim. Liancourt Rocks is essentially two islands ninety-two kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo, but the Usando on this map is one island just off the east shore of Ulleungdo. Usando was, in fact, the old name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도), which is about two kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. This map is stored in the Korean National Museum.

竹島問題の歴史

31.5.08

1855 - Colton's "Japan"

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