1900 Oct 27 - Imperial Edict Makes Ulleungdo a County of Gangwon Province

On October 25, 1900, Korea's highest government agency, the Uijeongbu (議政府), submitted for Korean Emperor Kojong's approval Imperial Edict No. 41, which would make the Korean island of Ulleungdo a county of Gangwon Province (江原道). The Korean emperor stamped his seal to the edict, and on October 27, the edict was announced in the Gwanbo (官報), the official newsletter of the Korean government. The relevant page of the October 27 newsletter is pictured on the left with the annoucement of Imperial Edict No. 41 (勅令第四十一號) outlined in red.

The edict changed the name of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島) to "Uldo" (鬱島) and made it a county of Gangwon Province (江原道). It also established the office of "County Magistrate" (郡守), who would be considered a "level 5" official in Korea's civil service system. The office of the county magistrate would be located on the island in the village of Taehadong (台霞洞), and the magistrate would have jurisdication over the whole island of Ulleungdo (鬱陵全島), Jukdo (竹島), and the "rock islets" (石島). The following is a translation of the first two articles of Imperial Edict No. 41:

Imperial Edict No. 41
Renaming Ulleungdo as Uldo and Changing the Island's Administrator to County Magistrate
ARTICLE 1: Ulleungdo is renamed "Uldo" (鬱島) and is made a part of Gangwon Province (江原道). Island Administrator is changed to "County Magistrate" (郡守) and becomes a "level 5" (五等) offical in the civil service system (官制).
ARTICLE 2: The county office will be located at Taehadong (太霞洞), and will have jurisdiction over the whole island of Ulleungdo (鬱陵全島), Jukdo (竹島), and the rock islets (石島).

Koreans claims that the "seokdo" (石島) in the edict was a reference to Liancourt Rocks, which Koreans call "Dokdo" (獨島); however, Korea has no maps or documents to back up that claim. In fact, since there are no Korean maps showing Liancourt Rocks, it is very likely that Korean officials did not even know about Liancourt Rocks in 1900.

A September 3, 1899 article (pictured on the left) in the Korean newspaper Hwangseong Sinmun (皇城新聞) described Ulleungdo as follows:

In the sea east of Uljin is an island named Ulleung. Of its six, small neighboring islands, Usando/Jukdo (于山島竹島) is the most prominent (崔著者). The Daehanjiji (大韓地誌) says that Ulleungdo is the old Country of Usan. It has an area of 100 ri. Three peaks stand out (律兀). Its products are siho (柴胡 - a variety of dropwort), gobon (藁本 - another variety of dropwort), seoknam (石楠 - kind of camphor), juniper (香木), zelkova (槻木), and nojuk (蘆竹 - a reed-like bamboo). The land is suitable for growing barley (宜麥). In the past, “water animals” (水獸) that looked like “cows without horns” (牛形無角) lived there and were called “gaji” (可之). There are also seabirds called "gwakjo" (霍鳥).

Notice in the above article that Ulleungdo was described as having six, small neighboring islands, of which "Usando/Jukdo" (于山島竹島) was the most prominent. It is not known for sure how the reporter came to know that Ulleungdo had six neighboring islands, but since most Korean maps of Ulleungdo did show it with six neighboring islands, it is very likely that the reporter got his information from these maps. In fact, he even mentioned the Daehanjiji, which was a geography textbook that included a map very similar to the following 1898 map of Ulleungdo:



Notice that the map shows Ulleungdo (鬱陵島) with a small island off the east shore labeled as "于山" (Usan). It also shows five other islands off the southern shore of Ulleungdo, which were almost certainly a mapping error since most of Ulleungdo's "rock islets" (石島) are off Ulleungdo's northern shore. At any rate, the above map and many others show Ulleungdo having six, small neighboring islands with "Usan" island (于山島) being the most prominent. Usando was almost certainly an old name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島), which is about 2.2 kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. The 1899 newspaper article most likely used the phase "Usando/Jukdo" (于山島竹島) to show that two names were used to refer to the same island.

The 1899 newspaper article also talked about sea animals (水獸) that looked like "cows without horns" (牛形無角) and were called "gaji" (可之), which was a Korean name for "sea lion." The article said that sea lions "used to" (古에) live on Ulleungdo, which means they were no longer living on Ulleungdo at the time. That fact would eliminate the possibility that one of the neighboring islands referred to in the article was Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo / Takeshima) since sea lions were still living and breeding on Liancourt Rocks at the time.

The 1900 imperial edict mentioned Ulleungdo, Jukdo, and "seokdo" (石島), but it did not mention "Usando" (于山島), even though "Usando/Jukdo" was mentioned as Ulleungdo's most prominent neighboring island in the 1899 Hwangseong Sinmun article. This is more evidence that Usando was just an alternate name for Jukdo. The Korean government obviously decided to make "Jukdo" the official name of Ulleungdo's neighboring island, even though "Usando" was written before "Jukdo" in the 1899 article, and even though most of Korea's old maps used the name "Usando" instead of "Jukdo."

For example, consider the following Korean map of Ulleungdo, which was made sometime between 1884 and 1894. That means it was made after Koreans starting living on Ulleungdo. The map still showed an island off the east shore of Ulleungdo labeled as "Usan" (于山 - 우산) in a position that could only have been Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島 - 죽도). It even has a similar shape to Jukdo. Notice that the map also has the same five neighboring islands to the south.



As mentioned above, the Korean government claims that the "seokdo" (石島) mentioned in the 1900 imperial edict was a reference to Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo), but Korean officials do not have any maps or documents to back up that claim. Instead, they give an elaborate linguistic explanation of how the name "seokdo" (石島) evolved into "Dokdo" (獨島). However, since there are no maps that show Ulleungdo with an island named "Seokdo" (石島) and since the name was never mentioned again in any document referring to Uleungdo, the most likely explanation for "seokdo" (石島) is that it was a legal catchall phrase used to include Ulleungdo, Jukdo, and all the other "rock islets" (石島) around Ulleungdo under the jurisdiction of the Uldo (鬱島) County magistrate. That means that the other five neighboring islands mentioned in the 1899 Hwangseong Sinmun article would have been covered by the word "seokdo" (石島).

The following is a cutout from an old Korean map of Korea's Pyeongan Province (平安道), made sometime after 1776, that shows a small group of rocks in the sea labeled as 石島, which means "rock islets." This map is proof that the name "seokdo" (石島) was also used as a descriptive word to refer to "rock islets."

1898 - Korean Map of Gangwondo & Ulleungdo

Below is a Korean map of Korea's Gangwon Province (江原道) from an 1898 altas entitled "Joseon Jido" (朝鮮地圖), the cover of which is pictured on the left. The atlas is stored in the Koryo University Library, which is in Seoul, Korea.

The map shows the Korean island of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島) off the east coast of Gangwon Province because Ulleungdo was under the authority of that province at the time. It also shows a small island labeled as "于山" (Usan) off Ulleungdo's east shore. Many Koreans claim that Usando (于山島) was an old Korean name for "Dokdo" (獨島), which is commonly referred to as "Liancourt Rocks" in the West. However, this Korean map and many others show Usando as a neighboring island of Ulleungdo, not Liancourt Rocks. The other writing next to Ulleungdo is "船泊處," which means "a place to dock ships."

The Usando on the map was almost certainly Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島), which is about 2.2 kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. The map also shows five small islands off Ulleungdo's southern shore, which was almost certainly a mapping error since most of Ulleungdo's "rock islets" (石島) are located off Ulleungdo's northern shore. An 1899 article in the Korean newspaper Hwangseong Sinmun (皇城新問) described Ulleungdo as having six, small neighboring islands, of which "Usando/Jukdo" (于山島竹島) was the most prominent. The six neighboring islands mentioned in the article were probably a reference to Usando/Jukdo and the five neighboring islands drawn off the southern shore of this map and many others. The linking of the names "Usando/Jukdo" was most likely done to show that both names were used to refer to the same island.

You can click of the maps and choose to see larger versions.

1888 - 1895 - Map of Samcheok District & Ulleungdo

Below is a Korean map of the Samcheok (三陟) administrative district and Ulleungdo (鬱陵島), which suggests that Ulleungdo was under the authority of Samcheok at the time. The map comes from an atlas entitled "地圖 江原道 咸鏡道," which simply means that it is an atlas of maps of Gangwondo (江原道) and Hamgyeongdo (咸鏡道), which are Korean provinces. The atlas was made sometime between 1888 and 1895. The front cover of the atlas is pictured on the left.

The map was drawn on ruled paper to give perspective. An island labeled as 于山 (Usan) is mapped less than two grid lines off the east coast of Ulleungdo, suggesting that it is just a few kilometers offshore. That would mean that it would almost certainly be Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, which is about 2.2 kilometers off Ulleungdo's east coast. Koreans claim that Usando was an old Korean name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but this map and many others show Usando to be a neighboring island of Ulleungdo, not Liancourt Rocks. Notice that this map also shows Ulleungdo with five other neighboring islands off its southern shore. This was most likely a mapping error since most of Ulleungdo's "rock islets" (石島) are off its northern shore.

The writing to the left of Ulleungdo is a standard description of the island that can also be found on many other maps showing the island. The map is stored in Korea's Koryo University Library.

You can click on the maps and choose to see larger versions.

Article on "Dokdo Islands" in "Vladivostok News"

Below is a link to a November 2 article on "Dokdo Islands" in the online Russia newspaper, Vladivostok News. I found a couple of pieces of interesting information in the article, which was fairly objective, considering that only people supporting Korea's claim on Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo/Takeshima) were interviewed. However, besides the quotes from the Koreans, I do disagree with the statement in the article that said, "the territorial clash started in 1905." There was no territorial clash in 1905 since Korea never protested Japan's incorporation of the islands until sometime after World War II. The clash actually started in the 1950s when Koreans illegally occupied Takeshima (Liancourt Rocks - Dokdo). Koreans claims that "Dokdo" is a symbol of their sovereignty, but I see it as a symbol of their aggression. Korea's actions and statements concerning Dokdo are a black mark on Korea and speak badly of Korea's politicians and historians.

"Dokdo Islands--land of contention"

1750~1768 - Joseon Jido (朝鮮地圖) - Ulleungdo

The following map of Ulleungdo comes from the "Joseon Jido (朝鮮地圖), which is a Korean atlas believed to have been made sometime between 1750 and 1768. The maps in the atlas were unique for the time because they were drawn on ruled paper for relative scale. The map below shows Usan (于山) less than two grid lines off the eastern shore of Ulleungdo. That means that it was just a few kilometers offshore. It also means that it was almost certainly Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島), which is about 2.2 kilometers off Ulleungdo's eastern shore. Korea claims that Usando (于山島) was the old Korean name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but the map below shows that Usando was almost certainly Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, not Dokdo. The map is stored at Seoul National University's Kyujanggak Institute of Korean Studies.

The map also shows Ulleungdo with five other neighboring islands off the southern shore. This was most likely a mapping error since most of Ulleungdo's rock islets (石島) are off Ulleungdo's northern shore. In any case, this map, and several others, seems to conform with an 1899 Korean newspaper article, which described Ulleungdo as having six small neighboring islands, the most prominent of which was Usando/Jukdo (于山島竹島). The combining of the names "Usando/Jukdo" in the article was most likely done to show that the one island had two names, which is also what Korea's old maps tell us.

1899 Korean Map: "Daehanjeondo" (大韓全圖)

The Korean map below was included in the 1899 edition of the "Daehanjiji (大韓地誌), which was a Korean geography book written by Hyeon Chae (玄采). The book was published in two volumes, of which the cover of the first volume is pictured on the left. The book is comprised of thirteen chapters, excluding the introduction. The thirteen chapters describe the geography, history, economy, and other features of the thirteen provinces that made up Korea at the time. A Map of each province was also included in each chapter. The forward (序) of the book was written by Lee Gyu-hwan (李圭桓), who was the director of the editorial office for Korea's Ministry of Education (學部) at the time. The Korean map below was placed in the front of the book, before the introduction. The map is called the "Daehan Jeondo" (大韓全圖), which means "Complete Map of Korea."

If you look at Ulleungdo (鬱陵島) on the map, you will notice a small neighboring island off its east shore labeled as "于山" (Usan). Korean historians claim that Usando (于山島) was the old Korean name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but the map below shows that "Usan" was just a neighboring island of Ulleungdo. The lines of longitude on the map show Ulleungdo and its neighboring island of Usan to be between the 130 (三十) and 131 degree lines of east longitude. That would exclude the island labeled as "Usan" on the map from being Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo) since Liancourt Rocks is located east of the 131 degree longitude line at 131 degrees 52 minutes. There are sixty minutes in a degree of longitude, which means that Liancourt Rocks are located very close to the 132 degree line.



The following is a map from the chapter on Gangwon Province from the 1901 edition of the "Daehanjiji (大韓地誌). Ulleungdo (鬱陵島) appears on the map because it was considered a part of Gangwon Province in 1901. If you look at Ulleungdo on the map, you should notice that this map also shows "于山" (Usan) as a neighboring island of Ulleungdo, not as Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo). In fact, Usando (于山島) was never shown as Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo) on any map, Korean or Japanese.

1834 Korean Map: "Cheonggudo" (靑邱圖)

The "Cheonggudo" (靑邱圖) was made in 1834 by Kim Jong-ho (金正浩), one of Korea's most famous 19th century mapmakers. He also made the "Dongyeodo" (東與圖) and the "Daedongyeojido" (大東與地圖). He also made the following atlases: "Dongyeodoji" (東與圖志 - 1834), "Yeodopigi" (與圖備志), "Daedongjiji" (大東地志 - ca. 1866)

The "Cheonggudo" map is 8.7 meters tall and 4.62 meters wide and is the largest of Korea's old maps still in existence. The map is made up of hundreds of ruled paper panels. It is twenty-nine panels high and twenty-two panels wide. The height of each panel represents a measure of 100 ri (40 kilometers), and the width represents a measure of seventy ri (28 kilometers). The rule along the edge of each panel are measured in segments of ten ri (4 kilometers). That means the map shows the length of the Korean peninsula to be about 3,000 ri, and its width to be about 1,500 ri. The scale of the map is about 1/216,000th of actual size.

In one of the scans belows, you can see that two panels were used to represent Ulleungdo. Usan (于山) was drawn about one 10 ri (4 kilometers) segment off the east coast of Ulleungdo. Koreans claim that Usando (于山島) was the old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but this 1834 map shows that Usando was almost certainly Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島), which is about 2.2 kilometers off of Ulleungdo's east shore. The islands to the south of Ulleungdo were probably misdrawn since they most likely were supposed to represent the rocks off the northern shore of Ulleungdo, not the southern shore.

By the way, the Chinese text under the island labeled as "Usan" on the Ulleungdo map reads as follows:

“In the 11th year of Yeongjo (1735), Gangwon Provincial Governor Jo Choi-su reported to the king, ‘A survey of Ulleungdo has found that the land is wide and fertile, and there are signs that people have lived there. Also, to its west is Usando, which is also wide and spacious.’ The so-called “west” character is different on this map, where (Usando) is to the east.”

1922 "Map of Daehanminguk" (대한민국 디도)

The following "Map of Corea" was made in 1922. The Korean title of the map is "Daehanminguk Dido" (대한민국 디도), which means "Map of the Republic of Korea." The title suggests that independence-minded Koreans made the map to show Korea as an independent state. At the time, Korea was a colony of Japan.

The Korean island of Ulleungdo is labeled on the map as "울릉도" (Ulleungdo) and "울도" (Uldo). "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks) was not shown on the map. In fact, the border of the map stops at 130 degrees E. longitude, which means that since "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks) is located beyond 130 degrees at 131.52 degrees E. longitude, the independence-minded Koreans who made the map apparently did not consider it to be a part of Korean territory or, at best, not important enough to show on the map. The map also shows the Sea of Japan labeled as "대한해" (Sea of Korea). The map is stored in Korea's "Independence Hall Museum."

"Onshu Shicho Goki" - The different translations

This is an example of how documents are interpretable differently. To follow is the famous part from "Onshu-shicho-goki" by Saito Hosen.

隠岐ノ国ト名付賜フ之
其府者周吉郡南岸西郷豊崎也　従是南至雲州美穂関三十五里
辰巳伯州赤崎浦へ四十里　未申至石州温ノ津五十八里　自子至卯無可往地　戌亥間行フ二日一有松嶋　又一日程有竹嶋　（俗言磯竹嶋多竹魚海鹿）　此二嶋無人之地　見高麗如自雲州望隠州　然則日本乾地以　此州為限矣

I will show my translation first:
http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2007/10/1667-onshu-shicho-goki.html

…named “Oki no kuni” (Country of
Oki ).
Its center is Saigo Toyosaki, south bank of Suki-gun（周吉郡）.
If you go 35-ri south you will get to Miho-no-seki of Unshu.
If you go 40-ri Southeast you’ll get to Akasaki of Hakushu (mid-west
of Tottori prefecture).
If you go 58-ri Southwest you’ll get to Yu-no-tsu of Sekisyu (west of Shimane prefecture).
From north to east there is no place to go.
If you go to northwest you will get to Matsushima in 2 days, and you’ll get
to Takeshima in one more day. (This is so-called Iso-takeshima. Rich in bamboo,
fish and sealions)
These two are uninhibited islands. From there you can view Korea, it is just
like you view Onshu (Oki island) from Unshu (east of Shimane prefecture, mainland of Japan). So then,
the northwest of Japan, we make this place to be the boundary.

The words in green mean the part I added for people who may be not familiar to Japanese names.


Then, please look at the translation from a pro-Korean's site below:
http://www.dokdo-takeshima.com/dokdo-saitohosen.html
(Notice: The Chinese characters are scrambled and changed to other characters, but I won't touch them.)

Oki Province is in the middle of the North Sea, so it
is also called Oki Island.
To the South lies a land called Do-Jeon (囑鉐), to
which Ji-bu-gun and Hae-bu-gun belong.
To the East lies a land called Do-Hu
(囑・), to which Ju-gil-gun and On-ji-gun belong.
To the Southeast it is 35 ri to Onshu (Province).
To the Southwest it is 40 ri to the territories of
Baek-ju (Province)
To the Northeast it is 58 ri to On-sein-jin of Seok-ju
(Province) and beyond there is no land.
Going further from there for two
days and one night in the direction of Northwest one reaches Matsushima (Dokdo).
Also there is Takeshima (Ulleungdo) at another day's travel distance.
It is so called Isotakeshima, rich in bamboo,fish, and sealion.
These two islands are uninhabited and getting a sight of Koryo (from there) is like
viewing Oki (Province) from Onshu (Province).
Thus, this "餠" (Oki Province) marks the northwestern boundary of Japan.

The words in red was added by the site owner.


Please take a look sentence by sentence. (I abbreviated the first one or two lines because they were translated from different texts.)
The second sentences in green are from my translation, the third sentences in blue are from the pro-Korean's site.

(1) 従是南至雲州美穂関三十五里
If you go 35-ri south you will get to Miho-no-seki of Unshu.
To the Southeast it is 35 ri to Onshu (Province).

The pro-Korean site owner's sentence has two errors. 南 means south, not southeast. And Miho-no-seki is in Unshu, not Onshu. (Onshu is Oki.)

(2) 辰巳伯州赤崎浦へ四十里
If you go 40-ri Southeast you’ll get to Akasaki of Hakushu (mid-west of Tottori prefecture).
To the Southwest it is 40 ri to the territories of Baek-ju (Province)

The pro-Korean site owner's sentence has an error, 辰巳 means southeast, not southwest.

(3) 未申至石州温ノ津五十八里
If you go 58-ri Southwest you’ll get to Yu-no-tsu of Sekisyu (west of Shimane prefecture).
To the Northeast it is 58 ri to On-sein-jin of Seok-ju (Province)

The pro-Korean site owner's sentence has an error, 未申 means southwest, not northeast.

(4) 自子至卯無可往地
From north to east there is no place to go.
and beyond there is no land.

The pro-Korean site owner's sentence has an error. 自(from) 子 means "from north" and 至 (to)卯 means "to east", so the author wrote about from north to east, not "beyond there".

(5) 戌亥間行フ二日一有松嶋
If you go to northwest you will get to Matsushima in 2 days
Going further from there for two days and one night in the direction of Northwest one reaches Matsushima (Dokdo).

(6) 又一日程有竹嶋　（俗言磯竹嶋多竹魚海鹿）
and you’ll get to Takeshima in one more day. (This is so-called Iso-takeshima. Rich in bamboo, fish and sealions)
Also there is Takeshima (Ulleungdo) at another day's travel distance.
It is so called Isotakeshima, rich in bamboo,fish, and sealion.

(7) 此二嶋無人之地
These two are uninhabited islands.
These two islands are uninhabited

(8) 見高麗如自雲州望隠州
From there you can view Korea, it is just like you view Onshu (Oki island) from Unshu (east of Shimane prefecture, mainland of Japan).
and getting a sight of Koryo (from there) is like viewing Oki (Province) from Onshu (Province).

The pro-Korean site owner's sentence has an error here again. Onshu is Oki, so viewing Oki from Oki doesn't have a meaning. The author is putting emphasis here about viewing Korea (Koryo). He illustrated it as it was seen very near, just like viewing Oki island from mainland of Japan (Unshu).

(9) 然則日本乾地以此州為限矣
So then, the northwest of Japan, we make this place to be the boundary.
Thus, this "餠" (Oki Province) marks the northwestern boundary of Japan.

The word in red is added by the pro-Korean site owner. You may notice how arbitrary the added word is. And the translation of this sentence by the pro-Korean site owner is slightly lack in accuracy. The direct translation is: So then （然則), the northwest land of Japan (日本乾地), with this place (以此州),
(we) make it the boundary (為限). The author didn't say "the northwestern boundary".



The author Saito Hosen put emphasis on "viewing Korea" and it was "just like" viewing Oki from mainland of Japan. So the boundary in the last sentence should be the place where the author saw Korea. It can't be Oki because Saito wrote that it was "just like" viewing Oki, which means it was not Oki he saw. The author only wrote "此州" (this place, or this state, or this island) but the pro-Korean site owner added "Oki Province" intentionally.

So everyone should be alert when you read translated texts. I recommend you to read translated texts from reliable sources and when you read them you should also take a look at the original documents.

　　　

Addendum: Saito Hosen wrote that the place of "Northwest" should be the boundary. The pro-Korean owner insists that he meant Oki island, but Oki is located just north of mainland of Japan. Please take a look at the map of Japan. The place of "Northwest" of Japan is definitely Takeshima (Ulleungdo).　　　　

1694 - Jang Han-sang (張漢相) Finds Sambongdo (三峯島)

In September 1694, Jang Han-sang (張漢相) led an inspection party of 150 members to Ulleungdo (鬱陵島), which they surveyed from September 20th to October 3rd. The inspection was prompted by the An Yong-bok incident in 1693, which caused Japan to demand that Korea ban its countrymen from traveling to Ulleungdo, which the Japanese called "Takeshima" (竹島). At the time, the Japanese believed Takeshima (Ulleungdo) to be Japanese territory. [The two pages on the left are from the "Ulleungdo Sajeok" (蔚陵島事蹟), which described Jang's inspection of the island. The part marked in red is translated below.]

Japan and Korea are no longer disputing each other's claim to Ulleungdo since Japan conceded Ulleungdo to Korea in the 1690s, but the two countries are disputing over Liancourt Rocks, which are a small group of rock islets about ninety-two kilometers southeast of Korea's Ulleungdo and about 160 kilometers northwest of Japan's Oki Islands. Koreans call the rocks "Dokdo," and Japanese call them Takeshima (竹島), which was also the former Japanese name for Ulleungdo. The Jang Han-sang expedition to Ulleungdo in 1694 is significant in the Dokdo/Takeshima debate for a few reasons. One reason is that it seems to be the only time that Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo/Takeshima) was mentioned in Korean records. In the record, no name was given for Liancourt Rocks, but Jang Han-sang said that he saw, from a peak on Ulleungdo, an island in the distance, about 300 ri (120 kilometers) southeast of Ulleungdo. We know that he did not travel to Liancourt Rocks because he estimated the size of the island to be about one third the size of Ulleungdo; however, Ulleungdo is actually about 391 times bigger than Liancourt Rocks.

Another reason the Jang Han-sang expedition to Ulleungdo is significant in the Dokdo/Takeshima debate is that Jang Han-sang said that Ulleungdo was "the so-called Sambong" (此所謂 三峯), which was a reference to Sambongdo (三峯島). "Sambongdo" means "Island of Three Peaks." Koreans say that Sambongdo was one of the old names for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but Jang Han-sang's report and other references to Sambongdo in Korean documents show that Sambongdo was just another name for Ulleungdo.

A third reason that the Jang Han-sang expedition is significant is that he reported seeing a small island about five ri (2 kilometers) off the east coast of Ulleungdo. He said that the island had groves of haejang bamboo (海長竹) on one side. The island he was talking about was almost certainly Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, which is about 2.2 kilometers off Ulleungdo's east shore. The fact that he said the island had groves of haejang bamboo (海長竹 or 海藏竹) on it is also significant because haejang bamboo is a particular type of bamboo that can grow seven meters tall. On a 1711 map of Ulleungdo, made by Ulleungdo Inspector Bak Chang-seok (朴昌錫), there is a small island off the east coast of Ulleungdo labeled "Groves of Haejang Bamboo, the so-called Usando" (海長竹田, 所謂于山島). Koreans claim that Usando was the old Korean name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but Jang's 1711 maps shows that Usando could not have been Dokdo because Dokdo does not have the soil to grow "groves of haejang bamboo." Besides, Dokdo is ninety-two kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo, but Jang's map shows Usando just offshore of Ulleungdo.

Considered together, Jang Han-sang's 1694 expedition report and Bak Chang-seok's 1711 map make it quite clear that "Usando" was not Liancourt Rocks, but was, instead, an old name for Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島), which, by the way, does have bamboo growing on it.

Here is the relevant portion of Jang Han-sang's 1694 report (蔚陵島事蹟) and scans of Bak Chang-seok's 1711 map of Ulleungdo. Notice that in the center of the island on Bak's map, he drew three peaks (三峯) in a way that they stood out from the surrounding peaks. This is more evidence that Sambongdo (三峯島 - "Island of Three Peaks") was just another name for Ulleungdo.

Excerpt form the 1694 "Ulleungdo Sajeok" (蔚陵島事蹟)

About five ri to the east is one small island. It is not very big or very high, and it has a grove of haejang bamboo (海長竹) growing thickly on one side. On a day the rain clouds cleared and the fog settled, we went into the mountains and climbed the central peak. Two tall mountains to the north and south were facing us. This was the so-called Sambong (三峯 - "Three Peaks"). The winding shape of Daegwanryeon (大關嶺 - mountain range on the east coast of the Korean peninsula) was visible to the west. Looking toward the east, there was one island far off to the southeast. The size was only about one-third of Ulleungdo. It was only about 300 ri [120 kilometers] away.

동쪽으로 5리 (2킬로) 쯤에 한 작은 섬이 있는데, 고대(高大)하지 않으며 해장죽 (海長竹)이 한쪽면에 무더기로 자라고 있다. 비 개고 안개 가라앉는 날 산으로 들어가 중봉에 오르면 남북 양봉(兩峯)이 높다랗게 마주보고 있는데 이를 삼봉(三峯)이라고 한다. 서쪽을 바라보면 대관령의 구불구불한 모습이 보이고 동쪽을 바라보면 바다 가운데 한 섬이 보이는데 아득히 진방(辰方)에 위치하며 그 크기는 울도의 3분의 1 미만이고 (거리는) 삼백여 리에 불과하다.

東方五里許 有一小島 不甚高大 海長竹叢生於一面 霽雨?捲之日 入山登中峯 則南北兩峯 岌崇相面 此所謂三峯也 西望大關嶺逶迤之狀 東望海中有一島 杳在辰方 而其大滿蔚島三分之一 不過三百餘里.

1711 Korean map of Ulleungdo (鬱陵島圖形) by Bak Chang-seok (朴昌錫)

Oh, no, Dokdo. Here we go, again.

The following was copied from the Free Board (게시판) at Hanmaun's Web site. I have lived in Korea for a long time, but I still do not understand why Koreans have to look at Dokdo and other Korean history as absolutes.

http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2007/10/inspectors-map-of-ulleungdo-shows.html

혐한 외국인, 게리베버가 독도 사이트 개설

음

가천길대학에서 영어강사하다 짤린 게리 베버라는 녀석이 만든,독도는 일본 영토라는 사이트,
이 자의 주장은, 우산도가 죽도나 관음도라고 주장하는 쪽임.
지도를 가지고 그럴듯하게 논리를 꾸며대는데 능하므로 이 사이트의 주장을 논파하는 논리 구축과, 대응되는 영어판 독도 사이트의 개설이 시급함.그 사이트에 직접 코멘트를 달지 말것! 일부러 혐한 사이트를 유명하게 만들뿐이므로!
추천 : 0, 조회 : 38

http://hanmaum24.oranc.co.kr/bbs/trackback.php?article_srl=118

이름

그 사람 짤렸는지 모르지만, 어디에선가 또 영어강사를 하고 있습니다. 참...댁이 써주신 웹사이트는 그냥 혐한사이트가 아니라 일본인전용 독도전문자료사이트입니다.그 외의 주장은 무시되는 곳이죠.유명한 사이트도 아닙니다. 독도에 대한 일본측의 주장이 어떤 것인가 보려면 방문해보는 것도 좋습니다.

2007-10-24 09:33:44

한마음

이 사이트 방문한 적이 있습니다.Gerry-Bevers는 일본 극우의 하수인이죠. 그가 접하는 자료 거의 대부분이 혐한 일본인에게 받은 겁니다. 물론 그 자신이 찾은 자료나 새로운 소설을 쓴 것도 있죠. 그러나 큰 틀에서의 주장은 일본 극우학자들의 논리를 그대로 카피한 것입니다. 혐한들의 주장과 다를 것이 하나도 없어요. 이젠 자신을 위해서라도 그만할 때가 됐는데.... 뭐, 자신의 무덤을 스스로 파는 행위는 어쩔 수 없죠. 또 모르죠? 생계를 걱정하지 않아도 될, 누군가의 지원이 있을지도....전, 그가 왜 아직도 한국에 남아 있기를 고집하는지 이해할 수 없습니다.한국을 떠나 자신의 고국에서 독도에 대한 글을 올려도 좋을 텐데.... 이건, 실례가 되는 발언인가요? 여하튼 전, 그 부분에 의구심을 가지고 있어요. 아무래도 한국을 떠나면, 그의 주장이 빛을 잃게 될 가능성이 큽니다. 한국에 살고 있는 전직 교수 외국인과 한국과는 아무 관련이 없는 외국인은 그 어감이 크게 다르죠.

일단, 제 사이트를 영문화하기 위해서는 현재의 글을 좀더 다듬고, 오류나 오기를 시정하여, 지금껏 모아둔 새자료를 업데이트하고 구성하는 작업이 우선 되어야 합니다. 지금 예정으로는 11월달은 그러한 작업을 하고, 12월부터는 본격적으로 영문화를 시도할 생각입니다. 그런데, 모든 것이 제 뜻대로만 이루어지는 것은 아니더군요. 적어도 최선을 다하겠다는 약속은 드릴 수 있습니다.

2007-10-24 13:57:29

Gerry Bevers

한마음씨가, 왜 독도 자료를 모으고 토론하세요? 역사 공부는 재미가 있어서 그러시는 거지요? 저도 재미 있어서 하는 거에요. 한국을 욕하려고 하는 것이 아니고 그냥 역사 진실를 알고 싶어서 하는 거에요. 한국 독도 주장에 대하여 그 반론을 하려며는 왜 한국을 먼저 떠나야 할 수 있다고 생각하세요? 한국 영토 안에서 이견이 있으면 안 되는 법이 있어요? 한국에서는 독도에 대한 이견자유가 정말 없으세요? 독도이견을 가진 사람은 왜 생계 협박을 받게 되는 건가요?

일본 극우학자들이 독도에 대하여 무슨 생각, 무슨 말하는지 모르겠어요. 제가 일본어로 쓴 책이 없고 있어도 못 읽는 무식한 사람이에요. 제가 가지고 있는 책은 하나 빼고 다 한국 사람들이 쓴 책이에요. 그리고 한국 사람이 안 쓴 그 한 권은 나이토세이쮸우씨가 쓴 책을 번역한 "獨島와 竹島"인 거예요. 제가 알기로는 그 분은 일본극우가 아닌 사람이에요.

그리고 아무한테서 지원을 받는 것이 없어요. 한마음씨가 왜 그런 생각을 하는 지 모르겠어요. 제가 영어 강사로 일하는 것 뿐이에요.제가 한국을 좋아해서 한국에서 사는 거에요. 한국사람의 역사절대주의 빼고는 모든 한국 문화가 좋아요.

2007-10-26 02:51:41

한국의 친구 서, 부디 검토해 주십시오

한국의 여러분, 우리는 여러분이 독도가 한국령이라고 믿고 있어지는 것을 알고 있습니다.그러나, 한편, 우리는 그 섬이 실은 일본령이라고 하는 것을 확신하고 있습니다.양국의 우호를 위해서 한번 더, 함께 역사를 검증해 보지 않겠습니까?
감정이 아니고, 과학적으로 이성적인 눈으로 한번 더 재검토해 보세요.
이하가 지금까지 우리가 조사하고 사실이라고 생각한 항목입니다.

(1) 우야마시마는 독도(Liancourt rocks)는 아니다.
이하의 투고를 봐 주세요.(영어로 써 있습니다만, 여러분에게는 읽을 수 있을 것입니다.)
http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2007/10/where-have-all-usandos-gone.html

(2) 대한제국(1897-1910)에서는 조선의 동쪽의 국경은 울능도라고 생각하고 있었다.
따라서 1900년의 칙령 41호에 쓰여진 이시지마는 독도는 아니다.
이하의 투고를 봐 주세요.
http://www.occidentalism.org/?p=670

(3) 안용복은 「일본의 마츠시마는 우야마시마다」라고 주장했지만, 안용복자신이 우야마시마가 어디에 있는지, 어떤 섬인가 이해하고 있지 않다.안용복의 진술은 2전재역전 하고 있고, 신뢰를 둘 수 없다.이러한 인물의 진술이 한 명 걷고 , 우야마시마=일본의 마츠시마(독도)라면 한국에서는 오해 받고 있지만, 근거가 없는 설이다.
http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2007/08/1692-and-1693-incidents-ahn-yong-boks.html

http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2007/08/1693-1696-takeshima-incident-1st.html

http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2007/09/1696-ahn-yong-boks-second-visit-to.html

http://dokdo-or-takeshima.blogspot.com/2007/09/1696-ahn-yong-boks-second-visit-to_19.html

그 밖에도 일본에는 17 세기부터 독도에 건너고 있던 역사가 있어, 독도의 정확한 지도가 많이 남아 있는 것, 17 세기의 한일의 교섭으로 타케시마(울능도)는 한국령과 결정했지만 마츠시마(독도)는 한국에 건네주지 않았던 것, 유감스럽지만 한국에는 독도의 정확한 지도가 한 장도 없었던 것이나 독도라는 이름도 1900년대가 되고 처음으로 문헌(게다가 일본의 문헌)에 등장하는 것부터 한국은 독도를 근년까지 몰랐던 가능성이 높은 일, 등등 많은 사실이 이 사이트에서 다루어지고 있습니다.부디 이성적인 눈으로 읽혀지고, 반론이 있으면 투고해 주세요.(할 수 있으면 간단한 영어로 좋기 때문에, 영어로의 투고를 부탁합니다.그러면 여러분의 의견이 온 세상의 사람에게 읽혀지게 되고, 공평한 의견교환을 할 수 있다고 생각합니다.)

KBS Documentary on "Jukdo," the Real Usando

The following are links to a 4-part KBS documentary on Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo and the father and son who live there. The documentary was made in 2004. In the documentary, it said that the father had lived on Jukdo for more than forty years, and that there were three other families living there when he arrived. The stairs leading up onto Jukdo were not built until 1994, so before that it was explained that they had to climb up onto the island by a path along the cliff. The video also showed the building they use to collect rain water and the well in which it is stored. Except for the rain-water well, there is no other water on the island. The video said that the well had not run dry during the more than forty years the father had stayed on the island, but it did run dry during the filming of the video because, I think, the son forgot to turn off a pump. There is a lot of good video of the island, but if you want to see it, you first have to register with the KBS Web site HERE.)

KBS Documentary (August 16 ~ 19, 2004)

1. The Father-Son Island, Part 1 (父子의 섬 1부)
2. The Father-Son Island, Part 2 (父子의 섬 2부)
3. The Father-Son Island, Part 3 (父子의 섬 3부)
4. The Father-Son Island, Part 4 (父子의 섬 4부)

Korea claims that the old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks) was "Usando" (于山島), but Korea's old documents talk about people living on "Yusan-gukdo" (流山國島 - 유산국도), which was a misspelling of Usan-guk Island (于山國島 - 우산국도), and old Korean maps show Usando was Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo. Korea's real "Dokdo" was Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, not Liancourt Rocks.

At the time of the following entry, Ulleungdo, the "main island" (本島), was called "Yusan-gukdo" (流山國島 = 유산국도), and its smaller, neighboring island was called "Muleungdo" (武陵島), which was an alternate spelling of "Ulleungdo" (鬱陵島). The entry says that more than sixty people grew up on "Muleungdo," but that they later moved to the "main island" (本島), which was "Yusan-gukdo."

1412 Entry from the Annals of King Taejong (1412年 4月 15日 - 太宗 23卷)

"강원도 관찰사가 울릉도 유산국의 섬 사람에 대해 보고하다"

의정부(議政府)에 명하여 유산국도(流山國島) 사람을 처치하는 방법을 의논하였다. 강원도 관찰사가 보고하였다.

“유산국도(流山國島) 사람 백가물(百加勿) 등 12명이 고성(高城) 어라진(於羅津)에 와서 정박하여 말하기를, ‘우리들은 무릉도(武陵島)2128) 에서 생장하였는데, 그 섬 안의 인호(人戶)가 11호이고, 남녀가 모두 60여 명인데, 지금은 본도(本島)로 옮겨 와 살고 있습니다. 이 섬이 동에서 서까지 남에서 북까지가 모두 2식(息) 거리이고, 둘레가 8식(息) 거리입니다. 우마(牛馬)와 논이 없으나, 오직 콩 한 말만 심으면 20석 혹은 30석이 나고, 보리 1석을 심으면 50여 석이 납니다. 대[竹]가 큰 서까래 같고, 해착(海錯)2129) 과 과목(果木)이 모두 있습니다.’고 하였습니다. 이 사람들이 도망하여 갈까 염려하여, 아직 통주(通州)·고성(高城)·간성(杆城)에 나누어 두었습니다.”

------------

○命議政府議處流山國島人。 江原道觀察使報云: “流山國島人白加勿等十二名, 求泊高城於羅津, 言曰: ‘予等生長武陵, 其島內人戶十一, 男女共六十餘, 今移居本島。 是島自東至西自南至北, 皆二息, 周回八息。 無牛馬水田, 唯種豆一斗出二十石或三十石, 麥一石出五十餘石; 竹如大椽; 海錯果木皆在焉。’ 竊慮此人等逃還, 姑分置于通州、高城、杆城。”

Ulleungdo Map from a 1750's Atlas:



Sambongdo's Neighboring Island (Jukdo)

Koreans also claim that Sambongdo (三峯島) was an old name for "Dokdo," but Sambongdo was just another name for Ulleungdo, which has three prominent peaks that are mentioned quite often in old Korean documents. "Sambongdo" means "Island of Three Peaks."

The following is from an August 30, 1479 entry from the Annals of King Seongjong. In the entry, Korean officials are discussing how to remove illegal squatters on Sambongdo. The officials mention a small island next to Sambongdo where two families are living. It is suggested that the small island be captured first, which would give the soldiers time to assess the situation on Sambongdo before trying to capture that island's people. It was first suggested that 1,500 soldiers be used to take the island of Sambongdo, but one of the officials felt that was too many and said that 300 or 400 could do it. Of course, the Sambongdo being referred to was Ulleungdo, and the small neighboring island was almost certainly Jukdo, not Liancourt Rocks.

1479 Entry from the Annals of King Seongjong (1479年 8月 30日 - 成宗 107券)

"영안도 경차관 신중거와 삼봉도 토벌·초무를 의논하다"

명하여 증경 정승(曾經政丞)과 부원군(府院君) 등을 불러 선정전(宣政殿)에 나아가 인견(引見)하고, 또 영안도 경차관(永安道敬差官) 신중거(辛仲琚)를 불러 들였다. 임금이 말하기를,

“삼봉도(三峯島) 사람이 관군(官軍)에게 저항하는 기세가 있어, 경(卿) 등과 더불어 의논하여서 처리하고자 한다.”

하니, 좌승지(左承旨) 김승경(金升卿)이 아뢰기를,

“삼봉도 곁에 소도(小島)가 있는데 전군자(全君子) 등의 2호(戶)가 도망하여 그 가운데에 살고 있습니다. 만약에 본도(本道)의 사람을 모집하여 그 뜻하지 않을 때에 갈 것 같으면, 삼봉도 사람이 미처 깨닫기 전에 소도(小島)의 두 집을 취할 수 있습니다. 그런 다음에 그 형세를 살펴서 사람을 보내어 토벌하는 것이 어떻겠습니까?”

하고, 정창손(鄭昌孫)은 말하기를,“삼봉도 사람이 알고서 내습(來襲)하면 어찌하겠습니까?”

하니, 임금이 말하기를,

“만약에 그렇다면 관군(官軍)이 욕(辱)을 볼까 두렵다.”

하였다. 도승지(都承旨) 홍귀달(洪貴達)이 아뢰기를,“

5진(鎭)9884) 의 인성(人性)은 본래 공(功)을 탐(貪)하므로 적(賊)이 만약 범경(犯境)하면, 타경(他境)으로 하여금 알지 못하게 하고서 스스로 그 공(功)을 독차지하려고 할 것이니, 만약 중한 상(賞)으로써 모집하면 반드시 취하는 자가 있을 것입니다.”

하고, 신중거(辛仲琚)는 말하기를,

“삼봉(三峯)의 수로(水路)는 5월·9월은 바람이 순조롭고 바다가 맑으니, 이 때라야 갈 만합니다. 만약 그렇다면 영안도(永安道)는 도로(道路)가 아득하게 막혔으니, 금년 9월에 미처 가지 못할 것 같습니다.”

하고, 정창손은 말하기를,

“반드시 들어가 토벌해야 한다면 늦출 수 없습니다. 만약 저 사람들로 하여금 우리가 장차 토벌할 것을 알게 하여서 방비가 있으면 크게 불가합니다.”

하니, 임금이 말하기를,

“대거(大擧)하여 속히 토벌함이 마땅하니, 전졸(戰卒) 1천 5백을 씀이 어떻겠는가?”

하였다. 우부승지(右副承旨) 채수(蔡壽)가 아뢰기를,

“이 정도의 수(數)는 필요가 없습니다. 비록 3,4백이라도 가(可)할 것입니다. 그러나 북쪽 사람은 모두 마상선(麻尙船)9885) 을 사용하는데, 창망(蒼茫)한 큰 바다를 어찌 마상선으로써 군사를 건널 수 있겠습니까? 또 저 섬[島]의 지세(地勢)가 험하고 평이한 것과 사는 사람의 많고 적음도 알지 못하니, 대군(大軍)을 함부로 동원하여 불측(不測)한 모험을 무릅쓰는 것은 옳지 못할 것 같습니다.”

하고, 신중거가 아뢰기를,

“들으니, 어명산(魚命山)이 도망하여 들어갔을 때에 남의 초마선(哨麻船)을 훔쳐타고 갔다고 합니다.”하니, 임금이 말하기를,“

수로(水路)는 며칠 길이 되며 그 섬에 배를 정박할 곳은 몇 군데나 있는가?”하였다. 신중거가 대답하기를,“

사람이 말하기를, ‘이틀 길이고, 배를 정박할 곳도 많이 있다.’고 합니다.”

하고, 우승지(右承旨) 이경동(李瓊仝)이 아뢰기를,“

저들도 우리 나라 사람이니, 어찌 관병(官兵)에게 저항 할 리가 있겠습니까? 사람을 보내어 초무(招撫)함이 어떻겠습니까?”

하니, 임금이 말하기를,

“그 사람들이 관역(官役)을 일삼지 않고 안업(安業)하면서 사는데, 그들이 즐겨 오겠는가?”

하였다. 홍귀달이 말하기를,

“만약에 초무(招撫)하려면 한 가지 방법이 아니고, 반드시 이해(利害)를 개진(開陣)하여 다방면으로 유도해야 할 것입니다. 다만 이제 9월이 이미 박두하였으므로, 전함(戰艦)의 모든 일은 반드시 미처 판비하지 못할 것이니, 명년(明年) 2,3월을 기다려 보내는 것이 어떻겠습니까?”

하니, 임금이 말하기를,

“도승지(都承旨)가 말한 것은 마땅하다. 이 일은 끝내 비밀히 할 수가 없으니, 이제 감사(監司)와 절도사(節度使)에게 유시하여 전함(戰艦)을 준비하게 하고, 군사를 크게 동원한다고 소문을 내면 저들이 혹 귀복(歸服)할 이치도 있을 것이다.”

하자, 모두 말하기를,

“상교(上敎)가 진실로 지당합니다.”

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○命召曾經政丞及府院君等, 御宣政殿, 引見, 又召永安道敬差官辛仲琚以入。 上曰: 三峯島人, 有拒敵官軍之勢, 欲與卿等議處置。” 左承旨金升卿啓曰: “三峯島旁有小島, 全君子等二戶, 逃居其中。 若募本道之人, 出其不意而往, 則可及三峯島人未覺之時, 取小島兩家矣。 然後審其形勢, 遣人討之何如? 鄭昌孫曰: “三峯島人, 無乃覺而來襲乎?” 上曰: “若然則官軍恐受辱矣。” 都承旨洪貴達啓曰: “五鎭人性, 本貪功, 賊若犯境, 欲使他境不知, 而自專其功, 若募以重賞, 必有取之者。” 辛仲琚言: “三峯水路, 五月九月風便海淸, 獨於此時可往。 若然則永安道, 道路遙隔, 今年九月, 似未及往也。” 昌孫曰: “若必入討, 則不可緩也。 若使彼人, 知我將討, 而有備, 則大不可也。” 上曰: “當大擧速討, 用戰卒一千五百若何?” 右副承旨蔡壽啓曰: “不須此數。 雖三四百可矣。 然北人皆用麻尙船, 蒼茫大海, 安可以麻尙船濟師哉? 且不識彼島地勢險夷, 居人多寡, 輕擧大軍, 以冒不測之險, 似未便。” 辛仲琚啓曰: “聞魚命山逃入時, 竊人哨麻船騎去矣。” 上曰: “水路幾日程, 其島泊船處有幾?” 仲琚對曰: “人言可二日程, 泊船處, 亦多有之。” 右承旨李瓊仝啓曰: “彼亦我國人, 安有拒敵官兵之理乎? 遣人招撫何如?” 上曰: “其人不事官役, 安業而居, 其肯來乎?” 洪貴達曰: “若招撫, 則非一端, 必開陳利害, 多方以誘之矣。 但今九月已迫, 戰艦諸事, 必不及辦, 待明年二三月遣之何如?” 上曰: “都承旨所言當矣。 此事終不可密, 今諭監司及節度使, 使備戰艦, 聲言大擧, 則彼或有歸服之理。” 僉曰: “上敎允當。”

1904年9月25日 韓国名"独島"が竹島/Liancourt Rocksを示すのに使われた始めての記録

Gerryの投稿の日本語訳です。原文はこちら↓
1904 Sep 25 - First Record of "Dokdo" for Liancourt Rocks

1904年9月、日本帝国海軍は軍艦新高を、鬱陵島と朝鮮半島蔚珍近くの竹邊の間に電信ケーブルを敷設する為に鬱陵島に派遣しました。9月25日の航海日誌に、鬱陵島の日本人が個人的に竹島/Liancourt Rocksを訪れ、さらにその島を韓国人は"獨島"と書き、日本人漁民はリャンコ島と呼んでいる、と話していたことが記録されています。彼は又、竹島/Liancourt Rocksにはある程度真水が湧いていると述べています。さらに、松島（鬱陵島）からアシカ猟にやってくる人々は、日本の舟を使用した、と述べており、それは例え韓国人がこの猟に参加していたとしても、それは日本人の配下の元で雇われて働いていた事を示しています。

韓国側のウェブサイトが何を言おうと、又何をほのめかしても、"獨島"が竹島/Liancourt Rocksを指す言葉としてはこれが初出の記録なのです。この前年の1903年には、日本の文書（訳注：『韓海通漁指針』葛生修吉著。）の中で、韓国人漁民は、日本人と同じ名称（ヤンコ）を竹島/Liancourt Rocksを指すのに使っていたと書かれています。それはつまり、韓国人が直近に、この岩（竹島）について日本人から教えてもらったという事を示唆しています。1903年以前に、韓国人が竹島/Liancourt Rocksへ行った事を示す地図も古文書さえも何一つ無いのです。

軍艦新高の航海日誌の関連部分（田中氏のサイト より）
(軍艦新高行動日誌：松島でリアンクルド岩の実見者から聞きだした情報:現代語訳)

リアンクルド岩は韓人は独島と書き、我が国の漁夫はリャンコ島と呼んでいる。添付した略図で分かるように、ふたつの岩島で西島の高さは約400尺で傾斜がきつく登るのに難しそうだが、東島は比較的に低く雑草が生え、頂上には平坦な所があり、二、三つの小屋を建てられそうだ。

東島の東側の洞窟のようなくぼみに真水が出る。また南側のB地点の水面から三間ほど離れた所に湧き水が出る。その湧き水は西側に流れていくが、その量はかなり多く年中枯れる事はない。

西島のC地点もやはり真水がある。島の周囲には岩が散らばっており、岩はだいたい平たく大きいものはゴザを数十枚置ける。常に水面から露出している。毎年この岩に群集するものがある。二島の間の所に船を横付けするには十分な広さがある。小船なら陸に揚げて泊める場合が多い。

嵐がきつく船を泊められないような時は、大体松島で風が静まるまで非難しているらしい。松島から毎年猟にやってくる人は六十から七十石積の日本の船を使うらしい。島の上に仮の小屋を建てて十日間ほど滞在するが、稼ぎが相当なものらしい。また漁夫もたまには四十名から五十名を超える時もあるらしいが、真水の不足をどう補っているかは報告されていない。そしてまた、今年になって数回ここに来たが、6月17日にロシアの軍艦が三隻この付近に現れ、周辺をしばらく漂泊していたが、北西の方向へ航行するのを実際に見たものがあるという。

1901年 大韓帝国地理書「大韓地誌」玄采著附属江原道地図

Gerryの投稿の日本語訳です。原文はこちら ↓
1901 "Daehanjiji" (大韓地誌) Map of Korea's Gangwon Province

1901年に発行された大韓帝国の地理書「大韓地誌」とそのの附属の江原道地図です。著者は玄采、発行は廣文社です。地図では"于山"が鬱陵島の隣接島として描かれており、さらにその位置から言って鬱陵島の隣接島である竹嶼であることは間違いないでしょう。韓国側は于山島が"獨島（独島）（竹島/Liancourt Rocks）"の古名である、と主張しますが、この地図も、そしてその他の多くの地図も 、それが真実ではない事を示す証拠になっています。

1899年の大韓帝国皇城新聞の記事 によると、于山島竹島が鬱陵島の最も顕著な島である、とあります。韓国の歴史学者は、"于山島竹島"を二つの別々の島である、と解釈していますが、韓国の古文献や古地図の例では、こうした場合はむしろ一つの島が、二つの異なる名前を持っていた、と考えるのがより適切だと思われます。"于山島竹島"と、"于山島"が"竹島"の前に来ていますよね?この事は、たとええこれが二つの島を指していたとしても、于山島の方が先に来ていることからより大きな島である事を示しています。鬱陵島の隣接島の竹嶼は竹島/Liancourt Rocksより遥かに大きいので、やはりこの竹嶼が"于山島"と呼ばれていた事を示しているのです。それに、鬱陵島から92ｋｍも離れた竹島/Liancourt Rocks/独島が、本当に鬱陵島の隣接島として認識されていたのでしょうか？

1900年、大韓帝国は鬱陵島を江原道の一郡として昇格します。その勅令41号に於いてそのことが公布され、鬱陵島、竹嶼（竹島）、そして石島が郡を形成するとされました。その前年の皇城新聞の記事に最も顕著な島、として書かれた于山島はこの勅令では何もふれられていません。このことから、唯一考えられるのは、（新聞記事の）"竹島"と"于山島"が一つの島に対する二つの名前であり、大韓帝国政府が"竹島"を"于山島"の代わりに正式な名称として採用した、ということです。さらに、韓国側はこの勅令に出てくる"石島"が竹島/Liancourt Rocks/独島のことだ、と主張していますが、これを肯定する地図はおろか、文献すら韓国にはなに一つありません。石島は、文字通り石の島であり、鬱陵島の周囲に無数にある岩礁を示す総称として使われたのではないでしょうか?

1711年 鬱稜島に派遣された検察官朴昌錫の残した碑文

Gerryの投稿の日本語訳です。原文はこちら ↓
Ulleungdo Inspector Bak Chang-seok's (朴昌錫) 1711 Inscription

この写真は、三陟の将軍で1711年に鬱稜島に派遣された検察官朴昌錫の残した碑文を刻んだ石の拓本と考えられるものです。

碑文は次のように書かれてあるようです。

辛卯五月初九日到泊于
倭舡倉以爲日後憑考次
萬里凔溟外將軍駕彩舟
平生仗忠信履險自無憂
搜討官折衡將軍三陟營將
兼僉節制使朴錫昌拙句刻
石于卯方軍官折衝朴省三
折衝金壽元
倭學閑良朴命逸
軍官閑良金元聲
都沙工崔紛
江陵通引金(燮?)
營吏金(?)興
軍色金孝良
中房朴一貫
及唱金時云
庫直金危玄
食母金世長
奴子金禮發
使令金乙奉

漢文読解が正確に行えるかどうかわからないため、この碑文をあえて訳しませんでしたが、この碑文の言わんとするところは、いつ、そしてどこにこの碑文を刻んだのか、また、検察官一行のそれぞれの肩書きと氏名を書き連ねたものであるようです。Web竹島研究所のサイト からこの写真をお借りしました。訳がどこかにあるかもしれません。（訳注：全訳は無し）

朴昌錫は、この竹島問題にあっては大変重要な人物です。というのも、1711年の検察の際に鬱稜島の地図を書き残しており、その地図に描かれた于山島が、鬱稜島の隣接島である竹嶼を示しているからなのです。実際、他の多くの韓国の古地図でも、于山島は、ほぼ間違いなく鬱稜島の隣接島である竹嶼として描いているのですが、韓国人はいつも、これらの地図にある于山島は、現在の竹島（韓国名独島=ドクト）で、単に便宜所上鬱稜島の隣に描かれているに過ぎない、と主張します。実際、Steve Barber(Toadface)氏はこうした主張を以前は繰り広げていました。（最近はそうした主張をすることがありませんが。）朴昌錫の地図がその他の地図とは異なっている点は、于山島の上に"所謂于山島"だけではなく、"海長竹田"とも書かれていることにあります。海長竹は、7メートル近くにも成長するある特定の種類の竹であるため、韓国人が自信を持ってこの地図に描かれた于山島が"独島"だ、などと言い張ることが出来ないのです。というのも、竹島(Liancourt Rocks)というのは、竹が生育するのに必要な土壌が存在しない不毛の岩に過ぎないからです。

幸いなことに、独島博物館の館長を含む韓国人の中に、これらの古地図に描かれた于山島は竹嶼である、と認める人々が出始めました 。その代わり、彼らは今度はこう主張し始めています。こうした古地図は不正確であるので、むしろ(1690年後半に2度日本へやって来た)安龍福という水夫の”倭の松島は于山島”という証言に注目すべきである、と言う訳です。言い替えれば、朝鮮政府の高官である人物の描いた地図を無視し、代わりに皆が認める偽証だらけの罪人の言う言葉だけを信じるべきである、といっている事になるのですが、韓国人は不思議とこれを疑問に思わないようです。彼らは又、安龍福が「松島（現在の竹島=Liancourt Rocks）と鬱陵島の距離は朝鮮半島の海岸から鬱陵島間での距離より遠い」「鬱稜島よりずっと大きい」などの、不正確な証言を行っていることも、別に気にならないようです。実際、安の証言には辻褄が合わないことが大変多いのですが、他に竹島に対する領有権の主張を支えるような地図は全く無く、古文書についてもほぼ無きに等しいため、安龍福のこの証言が最大の望みであることから、そうした矛盾点は気にしないようです。

右の地図は、朴昌錫が鬱陵島の検察中に描いた1711年の地図「鬱陵島圖形」です。ところで、地図の中央に三つの顕著な峯が描かれていますね？これは、鬱陵島の別名が三峯島であることの証拠の一つです。韓国側は、この"三峯島"が竹島（韓国名：独島）の別名であると主張しています。それを証明するような地図や古文書など何も無いのに、です。一方、"三峯島"が鬱陵島の別名であることを示す文書等はあるのです。

鬱陵島検察使のこの地図は、子山嶋をあらわしているか?

Gerryの投稿の日本語訳です。原文はこちら ↓
Inspector's Map of Ulleungdo Shows Jasando (子山嶋)?

左の写真は、朝鮮時代の鬱陵島検察使の一人がが描いた鬱陵島の地図です。 制作年は不明ですが、韓国の放送局であるKBSが放送した李奎遠の特集番組に出て来たものです。KBSのウェブサイトに登録していれば、視聴が可能です 。大変面白いものでした。17分38秒当たりにこの地図がでてきます。

とにかく、この地図で、鬱陵島の周囲にある岩礁が実際より大きく強調されていることにお気づきでしょうか。鬱陵島の東海岸を見ると、子山嶋と書かれている島があるようです。これは于山島の漢字間違いです。この島が竹嶼なのか、観音島なのか分かりませんが、確かに子山嶋と書かれているようです。韓国側は、于山島が"独島"（竹島/Liancourt Rocks）の古名である、と主張していますが、韓国の古地図は于山島が鬱陵島の隣接島である竹嶼である事を示しています。何故韓国で出版される本やウェブサイトにこの地図が載っていないのでしょうか?

ところで、このビデオの中で、KBSのレポーターは待風軒 (Daepungheon)の男性にインタビューしています。この建物は、慶尚北道蔚珍郡の邸山浦にある建物で、李奎遠やその他の鬱陵島検察使が鬱陵島へ渡る為に順風を待つ為に滞在したまさにその場所であるようです。そのインタビューの中で、今は公民館になっている建物のこの男性は、鬱陵島検察によってなされた文書をいくつか見せていました。その男性は、以前はもっとあったのだが、数十年前にわざと燃やしてしまったのだと言います。どう言う理由で歴史的文書を燃やしてしまったりするのか、想像も出来ません。李政権や朴政権は何かを隠したかったのでしょうか?

1907年（明治四十年）「朝鮮水路誌」

Gerryの投稿の日本語訳です。原文はこちら ↓
Japan's 1907 "Joseon Seaways Directory" (朝鮮水路誌)

「朝鮮水路誌」（第二改版）は、明治政府の帝国海軍によって明治四十年（1907年）3月刊行されました。竹島（Liancourt Rocks）の記載のある部分です。興味深いのは、日本の漁民達は竹島を"リャンコ島"と呼び、韓国人は"獨島"と書いたと記されている事です。これは、1904年の戦艦新高の報告に始めてでてきました。しかし、1903年発行の文書（訳注：『韓海通漁指針』葛生修吉著 。大韓帝国の漁業規則や漁業組合、沿海地理などの漁業に関する書籍。）では、韓国人漁民は、日本人と同じ名称（ヤンコ）を竹島/Liancourt Rocksを指すのに使っていたと書かれています。それはつまり、韓国人が直近にこの岩（竹島）について日本人から教えてもらったと言う事を示唆しています。1903年以前に、韓国人が竹島/Liancourt Rocksへ行った事を示す地図も古文書さえも何一つ無いのです。

ところで、獨島（独島）と言う名前は、そもそも"独立した島"と言う意味で、この名称自体は韓国の古い文献によく使用されているのが見受けられます。事実、鬱陵島自体も"獨島（独島）"として記述されたことがあるのです。韓国人は、後にその名称を竹島/Liancourt Rocksを呼ぶのに採用しました。韓国漁民が竹島/Liancourt Rocksを呼ぶのに"于山島"と言う名称を一度も使ったことが無い、と言う事実は、韓国側の于山島が竹島/Liancourt Rocksの昔の呼び名である、という主張を崩す更なる証拠と言えます。

1905年 軍艦橋立の竹島調査

Gerryの投稿の日本語訳です。原文はこちら↓
1905 June - Japanese Cruiser Surveys Takeshima (Liancourt Rocks)

1905年6月、日本海海戦においてロシア海軍を破った後、日本の軍艦、橋立が竹島に望楼を設置することが適しているかどうかを決めるための調査を行うために派遣されました。6月13日、戦艦橋立とその乗組員は竹島へ到着した時、35人の隠岐漁民が猟銃と魚網を用いてアシカ漁をしていたのに出くわしました。漁民の責任者は中井養三郎で、日本政府へこの島を領土編入するように請願を出した実務家です。（竹島は1905年2月22日に日本の領土へ編入されました。中井の請願書 ）

この軍艦橋立の航海日誌は、島の水はその殆どが飲料に適さないなど、竹島についての興味深い事実を物語っています。

1950年代の竹島をめぐる論争における日韓それぞれの主張

Gerryの投稿の日本語訳です。原文はこちら ↓
Japan & Korea Argue Their Claims in 1950s Letters

Web竹島研究所は、1952年から1976年にわたる日本の外務省と在東京韓国政府外交部の間で交わされた竹島問題に関する外交文書を含む膨大なPDFファイルを公開しています。全部で311ページにもなるこれらの文書は日付毎に並べられており、この時期に起こった殆どすべての事柄を記述しているといってもよいでしょう。まだ311ページ中150ページしか読み終わっていませんが、私にとってはこの時期の口角泡を飛ばすような議論は大変興味深いものです。

下記に挙げるものは、1950年代に日韓両国が竹島に関する各自の歴史的根源を述べている5通の外交書簡のページです。

1953年7月13日 -- 日本政府による竹島についての説明 (英文) (pp. 15 - 20)
1953年9月09日 -- 韓国政府による返答 (英文) (pp. 31 - 40)
1954年2月10日 -- 日本政府による返答 (英文) (pp. 44 - 58 )
1954年9月25日 -- 韓国政府による返答 (韓国語) (pp. 78 - 93)
1956年7月20日 -- 日本政府による返答 (日本語) (pp. 139 - 153)

そして、以下は日本政府が韓国に対して国際司法裁判所に竹島問題を付託することを提案し、韓国政府が拒否した事実が示されている書簡です。

1954年9月25日 -- 日本政府による国際司法裁判所(ICJ)への付託の提案 (pp. 74 - 75)
1954年10月26日 -- 韓国政府が日本のICJ付託の提案を拒否 (pp. 119 - 121)

1882年4月7日 高宗が于山島は鬱陵島の隣接島であると述べたこと

Gerryの投稿の日本語訳です。原文はこちら ↓
1882 April 7 - King Kojong says Usando Neighboring Island of Ulleungdo

高宗実録の1882年4月7日の条において、高宗が検察使の李奎遠に謁見した時の事が書かれています。李奎遠は、鬱陵島で"外国人"がやって来て資源を収奪している事について報告するよう、特命を受けました。この二人の間で交わされた会話は、ドクト擁護派が言うような于山島が"独島"（竹島/Liancourt Rocks）ではありえないことの更なる証拠と言えます。高宗実録の原文はこちらを参照しました。

高宗 19卷, 19年( 1882 壬午 / 청 광서(光緖) 8年) 4月 7日 壬戌
1번째기사

初七日。 召見檢察使李奎遠。
辭陛也。 敎曰: “鬱陵島, 近有他國人物之無常往來, 任自占便之弊云矣。 且松竹島、芋山島, 在於鬱陵島之傍, 而其相距遠近何如, 亦月何物與否未能詳知。
今番爾行, 特爲擇差者, 各別檢察。 且將設邑爲計, 必以圖形與別單, 詳細錄達也。” 奎遠曰: “芋山島卽鬱陵島, 而芋山古之國都名也。 松竹島卽一小島,
而與鬱陵島, 相距爲三數十里。 其所産卽檀香與簡竹云矣。” 敎曰: “或稱芋山島, 或稱松竹島, 皆《輿地勝覽》所載也。 而又稱松島、竹島,
與芋山島爲三島統稱鬱陵島矣。 其形便一體檢察。 鬱陵島本以三陟營將、越松萬戶, 輪回搜檢者, 而擧皆未免疎忽。 只以外面探來, 故致有此弊。
爾則必詳細察得也。” 奎遠曰: “謹當深入檢察矣。 或稱松島、竹島, 在於鬱陵島之東, 而此非松竹島以外, 別有松島、竹島也。” 敎曰:
“或有所得聞於曾往搜檢人之說耶?” 奎遠曰: “曾往搜檢之人, 未得逢著。 而轉聞其梗槪矣。”

（日本語訳）

“7日、王は檢察使李奎遠を呼んで謁見した。

王曰く「近頃、鬱陵島に他の国の者が絶えず往来して島を占有する、という被害がでている。松竹島と于山島は鬱陵島の傍にあるはずだが、互いの距離はその産物についての詳細が分かっていない。君は特別にこの検察使に選ばれたわけであるから、しっかりと仕事をせよ。民を住まわせる村を作るかもしれないから、詳細な地図と記録をとるように。」

李奎遠曰く「于山島は鬱陵島のことです。つまり于山とは、彼の国の昔の首都の名前です。松竹島は島から三数十里ほど沖の小さな島です。産物は、檀香と簡竹です。」

王曰く「芋山島(于山島）あるいは松竹島と呼ばれるものは、輿地勝覽に記述がある。それはまた、松島、竹島とも呼ばれ、于山島と3つあわせて鬱陵島と呼ばれる島を成している。全てについてその事情を検察せよ。そもそも三陟と越松の土候が鬱陵島の調査を行っていたが、皆いい加減で島の外周しか検察していない。こうしたことが外国人による弊害を招いたのだ。」

李奎遠曰く「深く分け入って検察を行います。その島は鬱陵島の東にあり、時に松島とも竹島とも呼ばれています。しかし、そこにあるのは、松竹島で、松島と竹島と言う別々の島があるわけではありません。」

王曰く「それは前任の検察使から聞いたのか？」

李奎遠曰く「いいえ前任者とはまだ話をしておりません。しかし、これが前任者の話の要旨であると聞き及んでいます。」”

隣接島の数について意見が食い違う

鬱陵島の隣接島の数について、二人の意見が食い違っていることがお分かりでしょうか。高宗は「二つある」と言い、李は「一つしかない」と言っています。また、王は「"松竹島"と "芋山島" は鬱陵島の隣接島である」と言い、一方李は「"于山島"は鬱陵島の別名に過ぎず、"松竹島"が鬱陵島の唯一の隣接島である」と答えています。王はそれでもまだ自説にこだわり、"松島"と"竹島"と言う名が"于山島"とともに使われており、三島で所謂鬱陵島を形成している、と述べています。李はしかしそれに同意せず、「松島と竹島が鬱陵島の東にある」と言う者はいるが、実際は松竹島と言う一つの島があるのみで、松島と竹島と言う別々の島があるわけではない、と答えています。

高宗は、名称については曖昧であったようですが、3つの島が鬱陵島を形成している事に確信を持っていたようです。李が松竹島は鬱陵島の隣接島に過ぎない、と言った時、王は松竹島は松島と竹島と言う、二つの別々の島であり、芋山島が鬱陵島の別名に過ぎないのなら、やはり鬱陵島はそれらの三島で形成されていることになる、と言っています。李は、その仮説を否定し「鬱陵島は松竹島、と言う隣接島が一島あるのみ」と答えました。

松竹島までの距離

李は、松竹島までの距離は、鬱陵島の岸から"三数十里"である、と述べています。それ早く、8-12ｋｍ（当時の韓国の一里は約0.4ｋｍ）で、実際の鬱陵島の隣どの隣接島よりも遠いことになります。ドクト論者の中には、この"松竹島"が独島（竹島/Liancourt Rocks）の可能性がある、と言う人もいますが、竹島/Liancourt Rocksは鬱陵島から8-12ｋｍではなく、92ｋｍも離れており、しかも、檀香と簡竹が生えている、と述べている事から、そんな可能性はまったくありません。松竹島は、鬱陵島の隣接島である竹島（現在の韓国名：本サイトでは現竹島と区別する為に竹嶼と言う名称で統一しています。）であることは、ほぼ間違いありません。この竹島（竹嶼）は高宗と李のそれぞれが松竹島の別名としてあげた二つの名前の内の一つでもある事も鑑みて、確実です。

三数十里を、三十里、と解釈する事はよくみられ、実際、國史編纂委員會もこのように 三十里としています。しかし、これは"数"と言う漢字を無視した方法であり、数十～三十までの幅を持った数字である、と言えると思います。韓国人が幅のある数字を言うときは、大きな数字から始めます。従って、三数十里は、三十～数十里であると言えます。よって、三十が大きな方の数字ならば、数十は二十、と訳せるはずなのです。

名前の混乱 : 于山島，松竹島，松島と竹島

高宗と李の会話で、1882年の時点においてもなお、大韓帝国の国王とその顧問達さえ鬱陵島の地理に疎かったことがはっきりと分かります。韓国の古地図は于山島を鬱陵島の隣接島である竹嶼として描いていますが、会話に出てきた輿地勝覽を含め、古文献では明らかに、鬱陵島には松竹島と言う隣接島がある、と記述されていたようです。また、1869年に韓国に派遣された日本の調査が残した1870年の報告書 には、鬱陵島には松島という日本の記録には無い島が隣接して存在する、と記述されています。それ以前にも、1794年に鬱陵島の検察使、沈晉賢が鬱陵島には竹島と言う隣接島がある、と報告していますが、于山島や松島についてはどちらも報告書には出て来ません。

1882年に李奎遠が鬱陵島の視察を行ったとき、彼は二つの島を発見しています。竹島と島項です。彼の鬱陵島地図では、竹島は現在の鬱陵島の隣接島の竹嶼（韓国名竹島）であり、島項は同じく鬱陵島の観音島であることは確実です。李は松竹島や于山島については発見できず、于山島は鬱陵島の単なる別称である、と結論付けています。高宗と李のどちらにしても竹島/Liancourt Rocksの存在にさえ気付いていたことを窺わせるものはなにもありません。

それにしても、何故于山島、松竹島、松島そして竹島の何れか二つが同時に載っている韓国の地図は存在しないのでしょうか?最も論理的な説明は、これら四つの名称が全て同じ島をあらわす名前であった、と言うことでしょう。松竹島は、明らかに松島、竹島と言う二つの名前を組み合わせたものです。これらの二つの名称は、1690年代に起こった鬱陵島の帰属問題についての日朝間のやりとり（いわゆる竹島一件）において、どちらも言及されているものです。当時、韓国は竹島は朝鮮漁民の使用する鬱陵島の別名にすぎない、と主張しました。さらに安龍福は日本人の言う松島は于山島である、と証言しました。韓国の地図は于山島を鬱陵島の隣接島である竹嶼（竹島）として描いている事から、必然的に誰かが松島と言う名称を、鬱陵島の最大の隣接島である竹嶼（竹島）を示すのに使用し始めたのでしょう。1899年の時点になっても、大韓帝国皇城新聞の記事 は「于山島竹島が鬱陵島の最も顕著な島である」と言っており、一つの島に二つの名称があったことを示しています。もしも、この"于山島竹島"がある特定の人物が主張するように、二つの別々の島であったとすれば、なぜ、鬱陵島を郡に昇格させた翌年の大韓勅令41号の中で、竹島（竹嶼）だけが言及されたのでしょうか?

Daum Urges Koreans to Come Here and Vote "Dokdo"

If any of the regular visitors to this blog is curious about why there has been a sudden surge in votes in our "Dokdo or Takeshima?" survey and can read Korean, you can go HERE to find part of the answer.

On the Korean Web site "Daum," there is a post urging Koreans to come to this blog and vote for "Dokdo." Looking at the post, it seems to be part of a "signature drive" service offered by Daum.

Maybe some of the Koreans who come here to vote will read some of the posts on our site, but I am afraid that most will just come and mindlessly vote "Dokdo."

The post says that by voting for "Dokdo" and posting the link to other sites, Koreans can tell the world that "Dokdo" belongs to them. However, yelling that something is yours and proving that something is yours are two different things. Yelling may work in Korea, but it does not work very well in the US or other countries.

Inspector's Map of Ulleungdo Shows Jasando (子山嶋)?

The following is one of the old maps of Ulleungdo drawn by one of the Joseon Dynasty inspectors to the island. I do not know the date of the map, but the map was shown on a KBS special on Ulleungdo Inspector Lee Gyu-won. You can see the special HERE if you are registered with the KBS Web site. It is quite interesting. You can see the map below at 17 minutes 38 seconds (17:38) into the video.

Anyway, on the map below you will notice that the sizes of the rocks surrounding Ulleungdo are exaggerated. If you look off Ulleungdo's east shore, there seems to be an island labeled as Jasando (子山嶋), which would be a misspelling of Usando (于山島). I do not know if that island is supposed to be Jukdo or Gwaneumdo, but it does seem to be labeled as "Jasando" (子山嶋). Korea claims that Usando was the old name for "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but Korea's old maps of Ulleungdo show that Usando was Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo. I wonder why none of Korea's Dokdo books or Web sites include the map below?

By the way, in the video, the KBS reporter interviewed a man at the Daepungheon (待風軒), which is a building at Gusan Harbor in Uljin County, North Gyeongsang Province, that was the very same building that Lee Gyu-won and other Ulleungdo inspectors stayed while waiting for fair winds to take them to Ulleungdo. During the interview, the men at the building, which is now a community center, showed the reporter a few of the old documents from those inspections. The man said that they used to have a lot more documents, but they were all intentionally burned a few decades ago. Can anyone imagine a reason for burning such historic documents? Did the Rhee or Park administrations have something to hide?

1882 April 7 - King Kojong says Usando Neighboring Island of Ulleungdo

In the Annals of King Kojong, it is written that on April 7, 1882, King Kojong met with Inspector Lee Gyu-won (李奎遠), who was the official specially selected to travel to Ulleungdo to confirm reports that "foreigners" were visiting the island and removing its natural resources. This conversation between King Kojong and his Ulleungdo inspector is more evidence that Usando was not "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), as Dokdo advocates claim.

Here is my translation of the conversation between King Kojong and Lee Gyu-won, as reported HERE in the Records of King Kojong (高宗 19卷, 19年 4月 7日 壬戌):

The 7th Day

Inspector Lee Gyu-won was called before the king to give his farewell greeting.

The king says, “It is reported that these days there is the evil practice of foreigners freely travelling to and from Ulleungdo and doing as they please. Also, Songjukdo (松竹島) and Usando (于山島) are next to Ulleungdo, but there are no details of their distance and what resources they have. You were chosen especially for this trip, so carry out your inspection with particular attention. We also have plans to establish a settlement there, so be sure to prepare a detailed map and report.”

Lee Gyu-won replied, “Usando is just Ulleungdo. Usan was the name of the ancient country’s capital. Songjukdo is a small island about three to ten ri offshore (相距爲三數十里). The products there are juniper (檀香) and pipestem bamboo (簡竹).”

The king said, “Both Usando or Songjukdo (敎曰 或稱芋山島 或稱松竹島) are written in the Yeojiseungram (輿地勝覽). Songdo (松島) and Jukdo (竹島) are also used [for Songjukdo], and together with Usando, three islands combine to make up what is called Ulleungdo (而又稱松島竹島與芋山島爲三島統稱鬱陵島矣). Inspect the situation on all of them. Originally, the Samcheok commander (三陟營將) and the Wolsong commander (越松萬戶) have taken turns surveying Ulleungdo, but almost all of them have been careless. They inspected only the exterior of the island, which has led to these evil practices. 

 Lee Gyu-won said, “I will go deep inside and conduct my inspection. Even though some say that Songdo and Jukdo are east of Ulleungdo, there is only Songjukdo, no separate Songdo and Jukdo.”

The king asked, “Did you possibly hear that from previous inspectors?”
Lee Gyu-won said, “I have not met previous inspectors, but that is the general information I have heard.”-------------------------------- 

初七日。 召見檢察使李奎遠。 辭陛也。 敎曰: “鬱陵島, 近有他國人物之無常往來, 任自占便之弊云矣。 且松竹島、芋山島, 在於鬱陵島之傍, 而其相距遠近何如, 亦月何物與否未能詳知。 今番爾行, 特爲擇差者, 各別檢察。 且將設邑爲計, 必以圖形與別單, 詳細錄達也。” 奎遠曰: “芋山島卽鬱陵島, 而芋山古之國都名也。 松竹島卽一小島, 而與鬱陵島, 相距爲三數十里。 其所産卽檀香與簡竹云矣。” 敎曰: “或稱芋山島, 或稱松竹島, 皆《輿地勝覽》所載也。 而又稱松島、竹島, 與芋山島爲三島統稱鬱陵島矣。 其形便一體檢察。 鬱陵島本以三陟營將、越松萬戶, 輪回搜檢者, 而擧皆未免疎忽。 只以外面探來, 故致有此弊。 爾則必詳細察得也。” 奎遠曰: “謹當深入檢察矣。 或稱松島、竹島, 在於鬱陵島之東, 而此非松竹島以外, 別有松島、竹島也。” 敎曰: “或有所得聞於曾往搜檢人之說耶?” 奎遠曰: “曾往搜檢之人, 未得逢著。 而轉聞其梗槪矣。”

Disagreement on the Number of Neighboring Islands

Notice that King Kojong and Lee Gyu-won disagreed on the number of Ulleungdo's neighboring islands. King Kojong said there were two, but Lee said there was only one. The king said "Songjukdo" (松竹島) and "Usando" (芋山島) were neighboring islands of Ulleungdo, but Lee said that Usando was just another name for Ulleungdo and that Songjukdo was the only neighboring island. King Kojong persisted and said that the names "Songdo" (松島) and "Jukdo" (竹島) were also used and that together with Usando, three islands made up what was called Ulleungdo. Lee Gyu-won, however, did not concede to the king and said that even though some people had said that "Songdo" and "Jukdo" were east of Ulleungdo, there was only one island, Songjukdo, not a separate Songdo and Jukdo.

Even though he seemed unsure of their names, King Kojong seemed sure that three islands made up Ulleungdo. When Lee Gyu-won said that Songjukdo was Ulleungdo's only neighboring island and that Usando was just the old name for Ulleungdo, the king seemed to suggest that Songjukdo (松竹島) could be two separate islands, Songdo (松島) and Jukdo (竹島), and that if Usando (芋山島) were just another name for Ulleungdo, then that would still mean that Ulleungdo was made up of three islands. Lee Gyu-won, however, rejected that theory and said that Ulleungdo had only one neighboring island, "Songjukdo."
Distance to Songjukdo

Lee Gyu-won said that Songjukdo was "three to ten ri" (三數十里) offshore of Ulleungdo, which is 1.2 to 4 kilometers (1 Korean ri = 0.4 km). Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島) is approximately 2 kilometers off Ulleungdo's northeast shore and 4 kilomethers off its southeast shore. That means that in 1882 Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo was being referred to as "Songjukdo" (松竹島), "Songdo" (松島), and "Jukdo" (竹島).

Some "Dokdo" advocates have suggested that Songjukdo was "Dokdo" (Liancourt Rocks), but ; Liancourt Rocks is approximately ninety kilometers southeast of Ulleungdo, not 1.2 to 4 kilometers. Also, Lee said Songjukdo had juniper and pipestem bamboo on it, which would eliminate any possibility that Songjukdo was Liancourt Rocks since Liancourt Rocks were just barren rocks with no soil to grow juniper or bamboo.

Name Confusion: Usando, Songjukdo, Songdo, & Jukdo

The conversation between King Kojong and Inspector Lee Gyu-won shows quite clearly that, in 1882, even Korea's king and his advisors were unsure of the geography of Ulleungdo. Korea's maps showed Usando to be Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, but Korean documents, including the Yeojiseungram (輿地勝覽) mentioned above, apparently also showed Songjukdo (松竹島) as a neighboring island. Also, a secret Japanese mission to Korean in 1869 reported in an 1870 document HERE that Ulleungdo had a neighboring island called "Matsushima" (松島 = Songdo), which was an island the Japanese had no record of. Before that, in 1794, Ulleungdo Inspector Sim Jin-hyeon (沈晉賢) reported that Ulleungdo had a neighboring island called Jukdo (竹島), but did not mention either Usando or Songdo in his report.

When Lee Gyu-won conducted his inspection of Ulleungdo in 1882, he found two islands: Jukdo (竹島) and Dohang (島項). His map of Ulleungdo showed that Jukdo was almost certainly Ulleungdo's present-day neighboring island of Jukdo (竹島), and Dohang was Ulleungdo's Gwaneumdo (觀音島). He reported that he could find no islands named "Songjukdo" or "Usando" and concluded that Usando was just another name from Ulleungdo. Neither King Kojong nor Lee Gyu-won showed any clue that they knew Liancourt Rocks even existed.

Why aren't there any Korean maps that show either Usando, Songjukdo, Songdo, or Jukdo together? The most logical explanation is that they were four different names for the same island. "Songjukdo" (松竹島) was obviously a combination of two names--"Songdo" (松島) and "Jukdo" (竹島)--both of which were names that were mentioned during the territorial dispute between Korea and Japan in the 1690s. Then, Korea claimed that Jukdo (竹島) was an alternate name for Ulleungdo that Korean fishermen used, and An Yong-bok had claimed that the Japanese name for Usando was "Matsushima" (松島 = Songdo). Since Korean maps showed Usando to be Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo, it was almost inevitable that some would start using Songdo (松島) to refer to Ulleungdo's neighboring island of Jukdo. Even in 1899, the Korean newspaper Hwangseong Sinmun (皇城新聞) reported that Ulleungdo's most prominent neighboring island was "Usando/Jukdo" (于山島竹島), which was most likely written to show that there were two names for the same island. If the "Usando/Jukdo" in the 1899 article meant two separate islands, as some claim, then why was only Jukdo, not Usando, mentioned one year later in Korea's Imperial Edict 41, which upgraded Ulleungdo's status to a county?

1904 Sep 25 - Log Entry from Japanese Naval Vessal "Niitaka (新高丸). First Mention of "Dokdo" for Liancourt Rocks

In September 1904, the Japanese naval vessel Niitaka (新高丸) was visiting Ulleungdo as part of its mission to lay telegraph cable between Ulleungdo and the Korean port of Jukpyeon (竹邊), which was near Uljin on the Korean peninsula. In the September 25 entry in the ship's log, it was recorded that a Japanese civilian staying on Ulleungdo had personally visited Liancourt Rocks, which he said was written as "Dokdo" (獨島) by Koreans and was called "Riangko-shima" by Japanese fishermen. He said that there was a certain amount of fresh water on Ulleungdo. He also said that the people from Ulleungdo who hunted sea lions on Liancourt Rocks used Japanese ships, which means that if any Koreans were among those doing the hunting, they would have been working for the Japanese.

Regardless of what Korean Web sites may say or imply, this was the first time that the name "Dokdo" (獨島) had ever been used to refer to Liancourt Rocks. The year before, in 1903, it was recorded that Korean fishermen were using the Japanese name to refer to Liancourt Rocks, which suggests that Koreans had just recently learned of the rocks. There are no maps or reliable records to suggest that Koreans ever traveled to Liancourt Rocks before 1903.

Here is the relevant section from the Niitaka's September 25, 1904 log entry:

Information gathered from the oral testimony of a person on Matsushima [Ulleungdo] who has seen Liancourt Rocks 

Liancourt Rocks is written as "Dokdo" (獨島) by Koreans and is called "Riangko-shima" by the fishermen of our country. As can be seen on the attached map, it is made up of two rock islets. The west islet is about 400 feet high and has a slope so steep that it would be difficult to climb; however, the east island is relatively low and has weeds growing on it. He said that the land on top is a little flat, so it would be suitable for buidling two or three small huts. 

A small amount of fresh water can be gotten from a hollow on the east shore of the east island. On the south side of this island, at point "B," there is a spring about three ken (5.5 meters) above sea level where water flows down toward the west. There is so much of it that it flows throughout the year. On the west side of the west island, at point "C," there is also clear water.
The scattered rocks around the islets are generally flat, and the larger ones are big enough to spread out dozens of tattami. They are always above the surface of the water, and sea lions gather there. The space between the two islets is suitable for sheltering a boat, but it is common to bring small boats up onto the shore. He said that when the wind and waves get so strong that it is difficult to shelter on the island, boats generally seek shelter on Matsushima [Ulleungdo] and wait for fair winds. 

 The people who travel from Matsushima [Ulleungdo] to hunt sea lions use Japanese boats that are sixty to seventy seok in size. They build temporary shelters on the island and stay there about ten days each trip. He said he heard that they make a lot of money. Also, the number of people sometimes exceeds forty or fifty, but a shortage of water is not being reported. There have also been a number of trips this year. And he said that on June 17, he personally saw three Russian ships appear in the vicinity of the island. After drifting offshore for a while, the ships sailed off to the northwest.

Sketch of Liancourt Rocks
45 Japanese ri from Oki Island
25 Japanese ri from Matushima (Ulleungdo)
1 ri in circumference
Number of sea lions: Tens of thousands. Breeding season: June

JAPANESE TRANSLATION from Mr. Tanaka's site HERE
(from 軍艦新高行動日誌)

(松島でリアンクルド岩の実見者から聞きだした情報)
リアンクルド岩は韓人は独島と書き、我が国の漁夫はリャンコ島と呼んでいる。添付した略図で分かるように、ふたつの岩島で西島の高さは約400尺で傾斜がきつく登るのに難しそうだが、東島は比較的に低く雑草が生え、頂上には平坦な所があり、二、三つの小屋を建てられそうだ。

東島の東側の洞窟のようなくぼみに真水が出る。また南側のB地点の水面から三間ほど離れた所に湧き水が出る。その湧き水は西側に流れていくが、その量はかなり多く年中枯れる事はない。

西島のC地点もやはり真水がある。島の周囲には岩が散らばっており、岩はだいたい平たく大きいものはゴザを数十枚置ける。常に水面から露出している。毎年この岩に群集するものがある。二島の間の所に船を横付けするには十分な広さがある。小船なら陸に揚げて泊める場合が多い。

嵐がきつく船を泊められないような時は、大体松島で風が静まるまで非難しているらしい。松島から毎年猟にやってくる人は六十から七十石積の日本の船を使うらしい。島の上に仮の小屋を建てて十日間ほど滞在するが、稼ぎが相当なものらしい。また漁夫もたまには四十名から五十名を超える時もあるらしいが、真水の不足をどう補っているかは報告されていない。そしてまた、今年になって数回ここに来たが、6月17日にロシアの軍艦が三隻この付近に現れ、周辺をしばらく漂泊していたが、北西の方向へ航行するのを実際に見たものがあるという。